Humane Education: The Tool for Scientific Revolution in Brazil

Despite the predominance of traditional teacher-centered approaches, educators are constantly changing paradigms and social boundaries, by stimulating criticism with active learning based approaches, which are centered on contexts and experiences. Viewing students as individuals enables paradigm changes and inspires new perspectives on established theories and facts. This chapter discusses education in Brazil, with a focus on humane education. Humane education strives to foster compassion and respect for humans, nonhuman animals (hereinafter referred to as animals), and the environment by creating awareness of the needs of others and the effects of our actions. In this chapter we describe the process of humane education in the context of animals used for teaching. We explore the possibilities of replacing animals and including ethical discussions in the curriculum; the history of Brazilian humane education, considering the Environmental Crimes Act that forbids animal use when alternative methods exist; and the legislation that controls the use of animals for research and teaching purposes in Brazil

Comparison of primary human gingival fibroblasts from an older and a young donor on the evaluation of cytotoxicity of denture adhesives

Denture adhesives (DA) improve the retention and stability of ill-fitting dentures, especially for older adults. These materials should be biocompatible, i.e., they cannot cause undesired biological responses and be non-cytotoxic to oral tissues. However, in vitro testing of DA biocompatibility employing primary cell culture may possibly be affected by other factors, such as the donor age. Objective To compare the cytotoxicity of three different denture adhesives when assessed in primary gingival fibroblasts from a young donor or from an older donor, as well as the release of the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the inflammatory response marker interleukin-6 (IL-6). Material and Methods Gingival fibroblasts isolated from a 30- and a 62-year-old donor were assayed for proliferation (1-7 days) and sensitivity to latex (positive control). Fibroblasts were indirectly exposed to Corega Ultra (cream), Corega powder and Fixodent Original for a 24 h period and assayed by XTT and Crystal Violet tests. The release of IL-6 and bFGF by exposed cells was determined by ELISA. Results While cells from the young donor presented higher cell growth after 7 days, the sensitivity to increasing concentrations of latex extracts was very similar between young and older cells. Both XTT and CVDE detected no difference between the DA and the control group. All materials induced higher levels of IL-6 and bFGF compared to control. Cells from the older donor exposed to Corega Ultra released lower levels of cytokine and growth factor. Conclusions All materials were considered non-cytotoxic, but affected cytokine and growth factor release. The biological differences found between fibroblasts from both donors could be due to individual or age-related factors. The authors suggest the use of cells from older donors on studies of dental products aimed at older patients, to better simulate their physiological response

Cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite spheres for bone repair

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo biological responses to nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite/calcium alginate (CHA) microspheres used for alveolar bone repair, compared to sintered hydroxyapatite (HA). Material and Methods The maxillary central incisors of 45 Wistar rats were extracted, and the dental sockets were filled with HA, CHA, and blood clot (control group) (n=5/period/group). After 7, 21 and 42 days, the samples of bone with the biomaterials were obtained for histological and histomorphometric analysis, and the plasma levels of RANKL and OPG were determined via immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed by Two-Way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test at 95% level of significance. Results The CHA and HA microspheres were cytocompatible with both human and murine cells on an in vitro assay. Histological analysis showed the time-dependent increase of newly formed bone in control group characterized by an intense osteoblast activity. In HA and CHA groups, the presence of a slight granulation reaction around the spheres was observed after seven days, which was reduced by the 42nd day. A considerable amount of newly formed bone was observed surrounding the CHA spheres and the biomaterials particles at 42-day time point compared with HA. Histomorphometric analysis showed a significant increase of newly formed bone in CHA group compared with HA after 21 and 42 days from surgery, moreover, CHA showed almost 2-fold greater biosorption than HA at 42 days (two-way ANOVA,

Pessoas vivendo com VIH, pessoas LGBT e vivências interseccionais: concepções de adultos jovens sobre a velhice e o envelhecimento

Objective: This study aims to understand the social representations of old age LGBT (lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transvestites, and transgenders) among adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Brazil. Method: 111 people from 21 Brazilian states participated in the study, with a mean age of 42 years, most of the men (85%), homosexuals (75%), single (85%), and without religion (34%). For data collection, a sociodemographic questionnaire was used; a structured interview was also used; both instruments were applied online. Results: The classes of representations shared by the investigated group are structured in three main axes: Old age of LGBT people; Old age of people living with HIV; Intersectionality, and commonalities between groups. Conclusions: The representations directed to the specificities of each group were: Older LGBT people, connected to loneliness and discrimination; People living with HIV, related to the continuous use of medication. The common and intersectoral experiences for both groups are those related to the experience of stigma and social exclusion. Thus, based on the representations expressed, one can see the need for an intersectional understanding of the groups being investigated and the importance of countering the negative stereotypes to which these people are subjected.Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as representações sociais da velhice LGBT (lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais) entre adultos vivendo com vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) no Brasil. Método: Participaram do estudo 111 pessoas de 21 Estados brasileiros, com média de idade de 42 anos, a maioria homens (85%), com orientação sexual homossexual (75%), solteiros (85%) e sem religião (34%). Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico, também foi utilizada uma entrevista estruturada; ambos os instrumentos foram aplicados online. Resultados: As classes de representações partilhadas pelo grupo investigado se estruturam em três eixos principais: Velhice de pessoas LGBT; Velhice de pessoas que vivem com VIH; Interseccionalidade e pontos em comum entre os grupos. Conclusões: As representações direcionadas às especificidades de cada grupo foram: Idosos LGBT, ligados à solidão e discriminação; Pessoas vivendo com VIH, relacionadas com o uso contínuo de medicamentos. As experiências comuns e intersetoriais para ambos os grupos são as relacionadas com a vivência do estigma e da exclusão social. Assim, a partir das representações apreendidas, percebe-se a necessidade de uma compreensão interseccional acerca dos grupos investigados, tal como, a importância de trabalhar no combate aos estereótipos negativos aos quais esses sujeitos são submetidos

Avaliação da madeira do híbrido de Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla para utilização em madeira lamelada colada

A madeira lamelada colada (MLC) possui inúmeras vantagens, podendo ser utilizada em diversos projetos com diferentes dimensões. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira do híbrido de E. grandis × E. urophylla visando a produção de elementos de MLC colados com os adesivos resorcinol-formaldeído (RF) e poliuretano de mamona (PUR) separadas em duas classes de densidade. A partir dos ensaios determinou-se a massa específica aparente, o teor de umidade, a retração, o inchamento, a resistência ao cisalhamento da madeira, a resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola, a resistência à compressão normal às fibras, o módulo de elasticidade. A partir dos resultados observou-se que a madeira do híbrido de E. grandis × E. urophylla apresentou resultados satisfatórios para ser utilizada na fabricação de elementos de MLC, sobretudo naquelas em que foram utilizadas tábuas de maior densidade aparente (≥ 0,587 g.cm-3) e colados com o adesivo resorcinol-formaldeído (RF).Palavras-chave: elemento estrutural, resorcinol-formaldeído, poliuretano de mamona.

Predição do módulo de elasticidade estático de Eucalyptus sp. por meio de duas técnicas não destrutivas

Non-destructive tests that use the principle of wave propagation have the potential to predict the mechanical properties of wood while still in the field, if the variables of this process are known. This work aimed to estimate the modulus of elasticity to static bending of Eucalyptus sp. wood, using two non-destructive techniques: ultrasound and stress wave. For this, 60 specimens with nominal dimensions of 2.5 x 2.5 x 57.5 cm (tangential x radial x longitudinal) were used, being in equilibrium humidity. The non-destructive tests were carried out using an ultrasound and a stress wave equipment, while the destructive static bending tests were carried out in a universal testing machine. The experimental results showed that the elastic modulus obtained by the non-destructive techniques were superior to that obtained by the destructive technique. The adjusted mathematical models presented standard error of the estimate (Syx) of 11.39 and 10.78%. There was a positive mean correlation between the static and dynamic module. Stress wave and ultrasound techniques can be used to estimate the modulus of elasticity of Eucalyptus sp.Os ensaios não destrutivos que utilizam o princípio de propagação de ondas têm potencial para predizer as propriedades mecânicas da madeira ainda em campo, se conhecida as variáveis deste processo. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estimar o módulo de elasticidade à flexão estática da madeira de Eucalyptus sp., por meio de duas técnicas não destrutivas: ultrassom e stress wave. Para tal foram usados 60 corpos de provas com dimensões nominais de 2,5 x 2,5 x 57,5 cm (tangencial x radial x longitudinal), estando na umidade de equilíbrio. Os testes não destrutivos foram realizados por meio de um equipamento de ultrassom e um de ondas de tensão, enquanto que os testes destrutivos de flexão estática foram realizados em uma máquina universal de ensaios. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que os módulos de elasticidade obtidos pelas técnicas não destrutivas foram superiores à obtida pela técnica destrutiva. Os modelos matemáticos ajustados apresentaram erro padrão da estimativa (Syx) de 11,39 e 10,78%. Logo, houve correlação média positiva entre o módulo estático e dinâmico. As técnicas de ondas de tensão e ultrassom podem ser empregadas com o intuito de estimar o módulo de elasticidade da madeira de Eucalyptus sp

Social Representations of LGBT Old Age and Sex Workers in Brazilian Adults

Background: The number of elderly people in the world is growing significantly, so there is an urgent need to ensure that this population can live a full life, especially taking into account the current COVID-19 pandemic scenario. Objective: To analyze the social representations of LGBT old age for male and female sex workers through the pandemic. Method: A qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory research conducted with 10 male and 10 female sex workers aged between 18 and 48. Sociodemographic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were administered using Google Forms and then analyzed by descending hierarchical classification through the IRaMuTeQ software. Results: The analysis showed three classes: (1) «Social understanding of the topic LGBT old age,» (2) «Stigma of genders and sexual orientations,» and (3) «Physical transformations and their accompanying obstacles». Conclusions: The representations are associated with the difficulties that elderly people have with aging in society, as well as debating LGBT old age. There are also greater obstacles regarding aging of female sex workers. In this way, the study seeks to contribute to broaden the knowledge of the psychosocial aspects of LGBT aging and old age, especially those of sex workers

Métodos alternativos para a detecção de pirogênios em produtos e ambientes sujeitos a Vigilância Sanitária: avanços e perspectivas no Brasil a partir do reconhecimento internacional do Teste de Ativação de Monócitos

Introduction: The detection of pyrogens is essential for the quality control of injectable products. The Rabbit Pyrogen Test remains widely used, despite the existence of alternative methods such as the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT). Objective: To review the use of alternative methods for pyrogen testing, pointing out advances and perspectives from the recognition of MAT by the European pharmacopoeia and its acceptance for regulatory purposes in Brazil. Method: A search was performed on the PubMed and BVS databases, with further classification, categorization by topic and critical analysis of the results. Results: Twenty-four papers were identified, addressing topics such as applications of MAT, its validation and comparisons with in vivo tests. MAT presented better results when compared to other tests, both in the evaluation of biological products and in the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens. Limitations to diffusion include difficulties in obtaining whole human blood as a source of monocytes, for which several alternatives have been proposed. Conclusions: MAT is a promising method, with application in safety evaluation of new technologies. Its application in Brazil depends on a national implementation policy, which might include greater integration between BraCVAM, Concea and RENAMA in search for its recognition for regulatory purposes.Introdução: A detecção de pirogênios é imprescindível no controle da qualidade de produtos injetáveis. O Teste de Pirogênio em coelhos ainda tem larga aplicação, apesar da existência de métodos alternativos como o Teste de Ativação de Monócitos (MAT). Objetivo: Revisar o uso dos métodos alternativos no teste de pirogênio, apontando avanços e perspectivas a partir do reconhecimento do MAT pela Farmacopeia Europeia e sua aceitação para fins regulatórios no Brasil. Método: Uma busca foi realizada nas bases PubMed e BVS, com posterior classificação, categorização por assuntos e análise crítica dos resultados. Resultados: Foram identificados 24 trabalhos, abordando temas como as aplicações do MAT, sua validação e comparação com testes in vivo. O MAT apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado a outros testes, tanto na avaliação de produtos biológicos como na detecção de pirogênios não-endotoxinas. Limitações para sua difusão incluem a dificuldade de obtenção de sangue total humano como fonte de monócitos, para o qual diversas alternativas têm sido propostas. Conclusões: O MAT se mostra um método promissor, com aplicação na avaliação da segurança de novas tecnologias. Sua aplicação no Brasil depende de uma política nacional de implantação, que inclua maior Integração entre BraCVAM, Concea e RENAMA na busca por seu reconhecimento para fins regulatórios

Enxaqueca em 746 pacientes com esclerose múltipla

Enxaqueca piora o sofrimento do paciente que tem esclerose múltipla (EM). ID-migraine é uma ferramenta útil para seleção de pacientes com enxaqueca e Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) é um questionário que avalia o impacto da doença. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença e impacto de enxaqueca em pacientes com EM. Métodos: Pacientes diagnosticados com EM e tratados em clínicas especializadas foram convidados a responder um questionário online se também apresentassem cefaleia. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 746 participantes com cefaleia e EM que preencheram completamente as respostas. Foram 625 mulheres e 121 homens, sendo 69% dos pacientes com idade entre 20 e 40 anos. Enxaqueca foi identificada em 404 pacientes (54,1%) e moderado a grave impacto da doença foi observado em 68,3% dos casos. Conclusão: Enxaqueca é uma cefaleia primária frequente e incapacitante relatada por pacientes com EM.Migraine adds to the burden of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). The ID-migraine is a useful tool for screening migraine, and the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire can evaluate disease burden. The aim of the present study was to assess the presence and burden of migraine in patients with MS. Methods: Patients diagnosed with MS attending specialized MS units were invited to answer an online survey if they also experienced headache. Results: The study included 746 complete responses from patients with MS and headache. There were 625 women and 121 men, and 69% of all the patients were aged between 20 and 40 years. Migraine was identified in 404 patients (54.1%) and a moderate-to-high burden of disease was observed in 68.3% of the patients. Conclusion: Migraine is a frequent and disabling type of primary headache reported by patients with MS