Common Interests or Common Polities? Reinterpreting the Democratic Peace

The central claim of a rapidly growing literature in international relations is that members of pairs of democratic states are much less likely to engage each other in war or in serious disputes short of war than are members of other pairs of states. Our analysis does not support this claim. Instead, we find that the dispute rate between democracies is lower than is that of other country pairs only after World War II. Before 1914 and between the World Wars, there is no difference between the war rates of members of democratic pairs of states and those of members of other pairs of states. We also find that there is a higher incidence of serious disputes short of war between democracies than between nondemocracies before 1914. We attribute this cross-temporal variation in dispute rates to changes in patterns of common and conflicting interests across time. We use alliances as an indicator of common interests to show that cross-temporal variation in dispute rates conforms to variations in interest patterns for two of the three time periods in our sample.

Implementasi Direct Costing Method Sebagai Alat Untuk Menghitung harga pokok produksi perusahaan Manufacture (Studi Kasus Industri Flores VCO Nangaba Kabupaten Ende)

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is a form of community small business and is one of the home industry businesses that has experienced rapid development. Most SMEs still use simple or conventional cost accounting methods in calculating the cost of production while the business world is currently experiencing increasingly rapid development so it must require a current report that is quite accurate and reliable. Direct costing is a method of determining the cost of production that only takes into account variable production costs or which directly affects production volume. Direct costing is often called variable costing and marginal costing. This study aims to determine the implementation of the direct costing method in Nangaba VCO SMEs in addition to knowing the classification of costs in calculating the cost of production using the direct costing method. This type of research is qualitative. Analysis of the data used is a qualitative descriptive analysis which is an analysis that describes or provides an overview of how to determine the cost of goods using variable costing or direct costing in the Nangaba Ende VCO industry. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in the calculation of the cost of production and the net profit made by the company much lower when compared to using the calculation by the direct costing method

State Control and the Effects of Foreign Relations on Bilateral Trade

Do states use trade to reward and punish partners? WTO rules and the pressures of globalization restrict states’ capacity to manipulate trade policies, but we argue that governments can link political goals with economic outcomes using less direct avenues of influence over firm behavior. Where governments intervene in markets, politicization of trade is likely to occur. In this paper, we examine one important form of government control: state ownership of firms. Taking China and India as examples, we use bilateral trade data by firm ownership type, as well as measures of bilateral political relations based on diplomatic events and UN voting to estimate the effect of political relations on import and export flows. Our results support the hypothesis that imports controlled by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) exhibit stronger responsiveness to political relations than imports controlled by private enterprises. A more nuanced picture emerges for exports; while India’s exports through SOEs are more responsive to political tensions than its flows through private entities, the opposite is true for China. This research holds broader implications for how we should think about the relationship between political and economic relations going forward, especially as a number of countries with partially state-controlled economies gain strength in the global economy

Theories of International Regimes

Over the last decade, international regimes have become a major focus of empirical research and theoretical debate within international relations. This article provides a critical review of this literature. We survey contending definitions of regimes and suggest dimensions along which regimes vary over time or across cases; these dimensions might be used to operationalize “regime change.” We then examine four approaches to regime analysis: structural, game-theoretic, functional, and cognitive. We conclude that the major shortcoming of the regimes literature is its failure to incorporate domestic politics adequately. We suggest a research program that begins with the central insights of the interdependence literature which have been ignored in the effort to construct “systemic” theory.Governmen

Civil war and U.S. foreign intervention

We study how foreign interventions affect civil war around the world. In an infinitely repeated game we combine a gambling for resurrection mechanism for the influencing country with the canonical bargaining model of war in the influenced country to micro-found sudden shifts in power among the domestic bargaining partners, which are known to lead to war due to commitment problems. We test two of our model predictions that allow us to identify the influence of foreign intervention on civil war incidence: (i) civil wars around the world are more likely under Republican governments and (ii) the probability of civil wars decreases with the U.S. presidential approval rates. These results withstand several robustness checks and, overall, suggest that foreign influence is a sizable driver of domestic conflict