Utilization of different types of glucose oxidase for reduction of glucose concentration in synthetic grape juice

One of the most promising techniques for oxidation of glucose into a gluconic acid is the utilization of the enzyme glucose oxidase. In order to optimize the process, two types of enzymes were used as catalysts for glucose oxidation in several model synthetic grape juices. The first one is a food grade enzyme Alphamalt Gloxy 5080 from Aspergillus Niger. The other one is pure enzyme from Aspergillus Niger, used as a sole or in a combination with catalase isolated from beef liver. Both the pure glucose solution and the synthetic grape juice were used as substrates for enzymatic pretreatment. The Alphamalt Gloxy 5080 enzyme, used in a concentration of 1 g/L, showed 77.60% substrate conversion of the glucose used in a concentration of 10 g/L. the pure glucose oxidase having concentration of 25 mg/L converted only 1.32% of glucose, while when combined with 15 mL catalase, the conversion was even 49.25%

Utilization of Different Types of Glucose Oxidase for Reduction of Glucose Concentration in Synthetic Grape Juice

One of the most promising techniques for oxidation of glucose into a gluconic acid is the utilization of the enzyme glucose oxidase. In order to optimize the process, two types of enzymes were used as catalysts for glucose oxidation in several model synthetic grape juices. The first one is a food grade enzyme Alphamalt Gloxy 5080 from Aspergillus niger. The other one is pure enzyme from Aspergillus niger, used as a sole or in a combination with catalase isolated from beef liver. Both the pure glucose solution and the synthetic grape juice were used as substrates for enzymatic pretreatment. The Alphamalt Gloxy 5080 enzyme, used in a concentration of 1 g/L, showed 77.60% substrate conversion of the glucose used in a concentration of 10 g/L. the pure glucose oxidase having concentration of 25 mg/L converted only 1.32% of glucose, while when combined with 15 μL catalase, the conversion was even 49.25%.

Disinfection of Drinking Water and Trihalomethanes: A Review

Trihalomethanes (THMs) as the main disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the last four decades have concerned the public and scientific opinion for the possible carcinogenic effect on human health. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the disinfection of drinking water, types of DBPs and the formation of THMs. The formation of THMs during the chlorination process represents a serious health problem, as they significantly increase the possibility of the risk of several types of cancers. In this article we are discuss the health risk imposed by THMs, considered toxic and possible carcinogenic as well as mutagenic to the human body. Thus, their elimination and regular monitoring is imperative. In this article we present the removal technologies for the THMs and their precursors. This article also provides the basic information related to the analytical methods for the determination of the THMs

Patient education interventions for the management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objectives This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To identify the different types of educational interventions, how they are delivered, and to determine their effectiveness and safety in people with IBD

Remote care through telehealth for people with inflammatory bowel disease

Objectives This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To identify the communication technologies used for remote healthcare sessions, how they are used, their accessibility, and their potential benefits and drawbacks for people with inflammatory bowel disease

(Review) Remote care through telehealth for people with inflammatory bowel disease

Background After diagnosis, intensive follow-up is required to optimise IBD care, usually necessitating the need for frequent consultations. IBD telehealth management includes consulting by phone, instant messenger, video, text message, or webbased services. Telehealth can be beneficial for people with IBD; however, it can have its own set of challenges. It is important to systematically review the evidence on the types of remote or telehealth approaches that can be deployed in IBD, particularly given the COVID-19 pandemic, which has necessitated increases in self-and remote-management. Objectives To identify the communication technologies used to achieve remote healthcare for people with inflammatory bowel disease and to assess their effectiveness. Search methods On 13 January 2022, we searched 8 databases (e.g. CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP with no limitations to language, date, document type, or publication status. Selection criteria All published, unpublished and ongoing RCTs that compare telehealth interventions targeted at people with IBD to any other type of intervention or no intervention. We did not include studies on digital patient information resources, or education resources alone, unless they formed part of a wider package that includes an element of telehealth. We excluded studies where remote monitoring of blood or faecal tests was included as the only form of monitoring. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently conducted data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessment of the included studies. We analysed data using Review Manager Web. We analysed studies on adult and paediatric populations separately. We expressed dichotomous and continuous outcomes as risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE methodology. Main results We included 19 RCTs with a total of 3489 randomised participants, aged 8-95 years old. Three studies examined exclusively UC populations, two studies examined exclusively CD, and the remaining studies examined a mix of IBD Manuscript Click here to access/download;Manuscript;Pdf_CD014821_4- 5.pdf patients. Studies considered a range of disease activity states. The length of the interventions ranged from 6 months to 2 years. The telehealth interventions were web-based and telephone-based. Twelve studies compared web-based disease monitoring to usual care. Three studies, all on adults, provided data on disease activity. Web-based disease monitoring (n=254) is probably equivalent to usual care (n=174) in reducing disease activity in patients with IBD (SMD 0.09, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.29). The certainty of the evidence is moderate. Five studies on adults provided dichotomous data that we could use for a meta-analysis on flare-ups. Web-based disease monitoring (n=207/496) is probably equivalent to usual care (n=150/372) for the occurrence of flare-ups or relapses in patients with IBD (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.27). The certainty of the evidence is moderate. One study provided continuous data. Web-based disease monitoring (n=465) is probably equivalent to usual care (n=444) for the occurrence of flare-ups or relapses in CD patients (MD 0.00, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.06). The certainty of the evidence is moderate. One study provided data on a paediatric population. Web-based disease monitoring (n=28/84) may be equivalent to usual care (n=29/86) for the occurrence of flare-ups or relapses in paediatric patients with IBD (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.51). The certainty of the evidence is low. Four studies, all on adults, provided data on quality of life. Web-based disease monitoring (n=594) is probably equivalent to usual care (n=505) for quality of life in patients with IBD (SMD 0.08, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.20). The certainty of the evidence is moderate. Using continuous data from one study on adults, web-based disease monitoring probably leads to slightly higher medication adherence compared to usual care (MD 0.24, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.47). The results are of moderate certainty. Using continuous data from one paediatric study, it is unclear whether web-based disease monitoring is equivalent to usual care for medication adherence in children (MD 0.00, 95% CI -0.63 to 0.63). The results are of very low certainty. Using dichotomous data from two studies on adults, it is unclear whether web-based disease monitoring is equivalent to usual care for medication adherence (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.21). The results are of very low certainty. No conclusions can be made on the effects of web-based disease monitoring compared to usual care on healthcare access, patient engagement, attendance rate, interactions with healthcare professionals, and cost or time effectiveness. The certainty of the evidence is very low

Interventions for maintenance of surgically induced remission in Crohn's disease: A network meta-analysis

Background Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic disease of the gut. About 75% of people with CD undergo surgery at least once in their lifetime to induce remission. However, as there is no known cure for the disease, patients usually experience a recurrence even after surgery. Different interventions are routinely used in maintaining postsurgical remission. There is currently no consensus on which treatment is the most effective. Objectives To assess the effects and harms of interventions for the maintenance of surgically induced remission in Crohn's disease and rank the treatments in order of effectiveness. Search methods We searched the Cochrane IBD Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase from inception to 15 January 2019. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles, abstracts from major gastroenterology meetings, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO ICTRP. There was no restriction on language, date, or publication status. Selection criteria We considered for inclusion randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared different interventions used for maintaining surgically induced remission in people with CD who were in postsurgical remission. Participants had to have received maintenance treatment for at least three months. We excluded studies assessing enteral diet, diet manipulation, herbal medicine, and nutritional supplementation. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently selected relevant studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or by arbitration of a third review author when necessary. We conducted a network meta‐analysis (NMA) using a Bayesian approach through Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. For the pairwise comparisons carried out in Review Manager 5, we calculated risk ratios (RR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). For the NMA, we presented hazard ratios (HR) with corresponding 95% credible intervals (95% CrI) and reported ranking probabilities for each intervention. For the NMA, we focused on three main outcomes: clinical relapse, endoscopic relapse, and withdrawals due to adverse events. Data were insufficient to assess time to relapse and histologic relapse. Adverse events and serious adverse events were not sufficiently or objectively reported to permit an NMA. We used CINeMA (Confidence in Network Meta‐Analysis) methods to evaluate our confidence in the findings within networks, and GRADE for entire networks. Main results We included 35 RCTs (3249 participants) in the review. The average age of study participants ranged between 33.6 and 38.8 years. Risk of bias was high in 18 studies, low in four studies, and unclear in 13 studies. Of the 35 included RCTs, 26 studies (2581 participants; 9 interventions) were considered eligible for inclusion in the NMA. The interventions studied included 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA), adalimumab, antibiotics, budesonide, infliximab, probiotics, purine analogues, sulfasalazine, and a combination of sulfasalazine and prednisolone. This resulted in 30 direct contrasts, which informed 102 mixed‐treatment contrasts. The evidence for the clinical relapse network (21 studies; 2245 participants) and endoscopic relapse (12 studies; 1128 participants) were of low certainty while the evidence for withdrawal due to adverse events (15 studies; 1498 participants) was of very low certainty. This assessment was due to high risk of bias in most of the studies, inconsistency, and imprecision across networks. We mainly judged individual contrasts as of low or very low certainty, except 5‐ASA versus placebo, the evidence for which was judged as of moderate certainty. We ranked the treatments based on effectiveness and the certainty of the evidence. For clinical relapse, the five most highly ranked treatments were adalimumab, infliximab, budesonide, 5‐ASA, and purine analogues. We found some evidence that adalimumab (HR 0.11, 95% Crl 0.02 to 0.33; low‐certainty evidence) and 5‐ASA may reduce the probability of clinical relapse compared to placebo (HR 0.69, 95% Crl 0.53 to 0.87; moderate‐certainty evidence). However, budesonide may not be effective in preventing clinical relapse (HR 0.66, 95% CrI 0.27 to 1.34; low‐certainty evidence). We are less confident about the effectiveness of infliximab (HR 0.36, 95% CrI 0.02 to 1.74; very low‐certainty evidence) and purine analogues (HR 0.75, 95% CrI 0.55 to 1.00; low‐certainty evidence). It was unclear whether the other interventions reduced the probability of a clinical relapse, as the certainty of the evidence was very low. Due to high risk of bias and limited data across the network, we are uncertain about the effectiveness of interventions for preventing endoscopic relapse. Whilst there might be some evidence of prevention of endoscopic relapse with adalimumab (HR 0.10, 95% CrI 0.01 to 0.32; low‐certainty evidence), no other intervention studied appeared to be effective. Due to high risk of bias and limited data across the network, we are uncertain about the effectiveness of interventions for preventing withdrawal due to adverse events. Withdrawal due to adverse events appeared to be least likely with sulfasalazine (HR 1.96, 95% Crl 0.00 to 8.90; very low‐certainty evidence) and most likely with antibiotics (HR 53.92, 95% Crl 0.43 to 259.80; very low‐certainty evidence). When considering the network as a whole, two adverse events leading to study withdrawal (i.e. pancreatitis and leukopenia) occurred in more than 1% of participants treated with an intervention. Pancreatitis occurred in 2.8% (11/399) of purine analogue participants compared to 0.17% (2/1210) of all other groups studied. Leukopenia occurred in 2.5% (10/399) of purine analogue participants compared to 0.08% (1/1210) of all other groups studied. Authors' conclusions Due to low‐certainty evidence in the networks, we are unable to draw conclusions on which treatment is most effective for preventing clinical relapse and endoscopic relapse. Evidence on the safety of the interventions was inconclusive, however cases of pancreatitis and leukopenia from purine analogues were evident in the studies. Larger trials are needed to further understand the effect of the interventions on endoscopic relapse