L'effet de l'incarcération sur la trajectoire criminelle

La carrière criminelle est définie à l’aide de différents facteurs (la participation, la fréquence, la durée et la diversification), et ceux-ci sont amenés à varier dans le temps. Néanmoins, cette carrière criminelle ne peut être seulement définie par ces facteurs, elle peut être également influencée par le contexte de vie dans lequel évolue le délinquant. C’est pour cette raison que les théories du parcours de vie semblent appropriées pour analyser l’évolution des trajectoires criminelles dans le temps. Toutefois, peu d’études ont étudié ces paramètres de façon empirique. Notre recherche s’appuie sur les données longitudinales et rétrospectives, ce qui permet d’avoir une autre méthode pour mieux comprendre ces évolutions. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’ouvrir une nouvelle approche et une meilleure compréhension des trajectoires criminelles et de l’effet de l’incarcération sur celles-ci. Notre recherche s’intéresse plus précisément à la criminalité pré et post incarcération sur une période de 36 mois. 262 détenus ayant une criminalité lucrative ont été interrogés, 41 ont été sélectionnés car ils avaient une criminalité pré et post incarcération. Nous avons dans un premier temps pu observer qu’il n’existait pas différences flagrantes entre les criminels ayant connu une criminalité pré et post incarcération et les autres criminels. Dans un second temps, les questionnaires étaient basés sur des données rétrospectives des circonstances entourant la vie des délinquants, les trajectoires ont été reconstruites en utilisant la méthode des calendriers d’histoire de vie. Cette méthode a déjà été utilisée dans l’étude des trajectoires criminelles et a fait ses preuves. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons décidé d’utiliser cette méthode et la modélisation de type multi niveaux afin d’appréhender au mieux les trajectoires criminelles. Nos résultats permettaient d’avoir une meilleure analyse des éléments statiques et dynamiques qui entourent une carrière criminelle. De plus, ils nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que la prison doit être considérée comme une période de transition dans la trajectoire criminelle car on observe des changements entre la criminalité qui a précédée et celle qui a succédée l’incarcération. Suite à une incarcération, les criminels diminueraient la fréquence de leurs crimes et seraient moins efficaces. Concernant la diversification des crimes, nous avons pu observer que les délinquants étaient suite à une période d’incarcération amenés à s’investir davantage dans certains types de crimes. Ces résultats mettent en avant l’importance d’étudier l’évolution de différents paramètres de la carrière criminelle afin de comprendre le rôle de la prison sur les carrières criminelles. Cette recherche est exploratoire et permet d’ouvrir la voie à d’autres recherches.The criminal career is defined by different factors (participation, frequency, duration and diversification), and these are likely to vary over time. Nevertheless, this criminal career can not be defined solely by these factors, it can also be influenced by the context in which the offender lives. It is for this reason that life course theories seem appropriate to analyze the evolution of criminal trajectories over time. However, few studies have studied these parameters empirically. Our research is based on longitudinal and retrospective data, which provides another method to better understand these developments. The purpose of this study is therefore to open a new approach and a better understanding of criminal trajectories and the effect of incarceration on them. Our research focuses specifically on pre- and post-incarceration crime over a 36-month period. 262 detainees with lucrative criminality were interviewed, 41 were selected because they had pre and post incarceration. We first observed that there were no obvious differences between criminals who had experienced pre- and post-incarceration crime and other criminals. In a second step, the questionnaires were based on retrospective data of the circumstances surrounding the life of the offenders, the trajectories were reconstructed using the method of life history calendars. This method has already been used in the study of criminal trajectories and has proved its worth. That's why we decided to use this method and multi-level modeling to better understand criminal trajectories. Our results allowed for a better analysis of the static and dynamic elements that surround a criminal career. In addition, they allowed us to highlight that the prison must be considered as a transition period in the criminal trajectory because there are changes between the crime that preceded and that which followed the incarceration. Following incarceration, criminals would decrease the frequency of their crimes and be less effective. With respect to the diversification of crimes, we observed that offenders were incarcerated due to increased involvement in certain types of crime. These results highlight the importance of studying the evolution of various parameters of the criminal career in order to understand the prison's role in criminal careers. This research is exploratory and opens the door to other research

Elastic-Degenerate String Matching with 1 Error

An elastic-degenerate string is a sequence of $n$ finite sets of strings of total length $N$, introduced to represent a set of related DNA sequences, also known as a pangenome. The ED string matching (EDSM) problem consists in reporting all occurrences of a pattern of length $m$ in an ED text. This problem has recently received some attention by the combinatorial pattern matching community, culminating in an $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(nm^{\omega-1})+\mathcal{O}(N)$-time algorithm [Bernardini et al., SIAM J. Comput. 2022], where $\omega$ denotes the matrix multiplication exponent and the $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\cdot)$ notation suppresses polylog factors. In the $k$-EDSM problem, the approximate version of EDSM, we are asked to report all pattern occurrences with at most $k$ errors. $k$-EDSM can be solved in $\mathcal{O}(k^2mG+kN)$ time, under edit distance, or $\mathcal{O}(kmG+kN)$ time, under Hamming distance, where $G$ denotes the total number of strings in the ED text [Bernardini et al., Theor. Comput. Sci. 2020]. Unfortunately, $G$ is only bounded by $N$, and so even for $k=1$, the existing algorithms run in $\Omega(mN)$ time in the worst case. In this paper we show that $1$-EDSM can be solved in $\mathcal{O}((nm^2 + N)\log m)$ or $\mathcal{O}(nm^3 + N)$ time under edit distance. For the decision version, we present a faster $\mathcal{O}(nm^2\sqrt{\log m} + N\log\log m)$-time algorithm. We also show that $1$-EDSM can be solved in $\mathcal{O}(nm^2 + N\log m)$ time under Hamming distance. Our algorithms for edit distance rely on non-trivial reductions from $1$-EDSM to special instances of classic computational geometry problems (2d rectangle stabbing or 2d range emptiness), which we show how to solve efficiently. In order to obtain an even faster algorithm for Hamming distance, we rely on employing and adapting the $k$-errata trees for indexing with errors [Cole et al., STOC 2004].Comment: This is an extended version of a paper accepted at LATIN 202

Placental contribution to the origins of sexual dimorphism in health and diseases: sex chromosomes and epigenetics

Sex differences occur in most non-communicable diseases, including metabolic diseases, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric and neurological disorders and cancer. In many cases, the susceptibility to these diseases begins early in development. The observed differences between the sexes may result from genetic and hormonal differences and from differences in responses to and interactions with environmental factors, including infection, diet, drugs and stress. The placenta plays a key role in fetal growth and development and, as such, affects the fetal programming underlying subsequent adult health and accounts, in part for the developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD). There is accumulating evidence to demonstrate the sex-specific relationships between diverse environmental influences on placental functions and the risk of disease later in life. As one of the few tissues easily collectable in humans, this organ may therefore be seen as an ideal system for studying how male and female placenta sense nutritional and other stresses, such as endocrine disruptors. Sex-specific regulatory pathways controlling sexually dimorphic characteristics in the various organs and the consequences of lifelong differences in sex hormone expression largely account for such responses. However, sex-specific changes in epigenetic marks are generated early after fertilization, thus before adrenal and gonad differentiation in the absence of sex hormones and in response to environmental conditions. Given the abundance of X-linked genes involved in placentogenesis, and the early unequal gene expression by the sex chromosomes between males and females, the role of X- and Y-chromosome-linked genes, and especially those involved in the peculiar placenta-specific epigenetics processes, giving rise to the unusual placenta epigenetic landscapes deserve particular attention. However, even with recent developments in this field, we still know little about the mechanisms underlying the early sex-specific epigenetic marks resulting in sex-biased gene expression of pathways and networks. As a critical messenger between the maternal environment and the fetus, the placenta may play a key role not only in buffering environmental effects transmitted by the mother but also in expressing and modulating effects due to preconceptional exposure of both the mother and the father to stressful conditions

Comparing Elastic-Degenerate Strings: Algorithms, Lower Bounds, and Applications

An elastic-degenerate (ED) string T is a sequence of n sets T[1], . . ., T[n] containing m strings in total whose cumulative length is N. We call n, m, and N the length, the cardinality and the size of T, respectively. The language of T is defined as L(T) = {S1 · · · Sn : Si ∈ T[i] for all i ∈ [1, n]}. ED strings have been introduced to represent a set of closely-related DNA sequences, also known as a pangenome. The basic question we investigate here is: Given two ED strings, how fast can we check whether the two languages they represent have a nonempty intersection? We call the underlying problem the ED String Intersection (EDSI) problem. For two ED strings T1 and T2 of lengths n1 and n2, cardinalities m1 and m2, and sizes N1 and N2, respectively, we show the following: There is no O((N1N2)1−ϵ)-time algorithm, thus no O ((N1m2 + N2m1)1−ϵ)-time algorithm and no O ((N1n2 + N2n1)1−ϵ)-time algorithm, for any constant ϵ > 0, for EDSI even when T1 and T2 are over a binary alphabet, unless the Strong Exponential-Time Hypothesis is false. There is no combinatorial O((N1 + N2)1.2−ϵf(n1, n2))-time algorithm, for any constant ϵ > 0 and any function f, for EDSI even when T1 and T2 are over a binary alphabet, unless the Boolean Matrix Multiplication conjecture is false. An O(N1 log N1 log n1 + N2 log N2 log n2)-time algorithm for outputting a compact (RLE) representation of the intersection language of two unary ED strings. In the case when T1 and T2 are given in a compact representation, we show that the problem is NP-complete. An O(N1m2 + N2m1)-time algorithm for EDSI. An Õ(N1ω−1n2 + N2ω−1n1)-time algorithm for EDSI, where ω is the exponent of matrix multiplication; the Õ notation suppresses factors that are polylogarithmic in the input size. We also show that the techniques we develop have applications outside of ED string comparison

Effect of rapid freezing and thawing on Malondialdehyde concentration , abnormal sperm chromatin percent and sperm parameters of Asthenozoospermic patients

Abstract :Objective : The study aimed to study the effect of rapid freezing and thawing on Malondialdehyde concentration andabnormal sperm chromatin percent and sperm parameters of Asthenozoospermic patientsMethodology : This study was performed in the laboratory of Intra cytoplasmic Injection and freezing of sperm in thefertility center of Al-Sader Medical City / Al-najaf Alashraf City during the period from May, 2012 to April 2013 ,The study included 30 of Asthenozoospermic patients, the statistical analysis of this study performed by usingStudent's t – test and paired t – test at the level of probability 0.05Results : the results showed that is sperm rapid freezing process of patients who were Included in the study by usedsperm freezing media ( Sperm Freeze) and doing the thawing processes after one month From freezing leads to asignificant decreasing (p<0.05) In the sperm concentration, sperm progressive motility percent, sperm viabilitypercent and normal sperm morphology percent. and a significant increasing (p<0.05) In The Malondialdehydeconcentration and abnormal Sperm chromatin percent and no significant difference(p<0.05) In round Cellconcentration in comparison with their ranges after activationConclusion : It can be concluded From this study that sperm rapid freezing and thawing processes had a negativeeffects on the semen and sperm parameters and Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatinpercent In the all samples of study included patients .Recommendation: Adding Anti oxidants to the sperm freezing media to decrease the negative effects of freezingand increase the sperm parameters .Keyword : effect , rapid freezing, thawing, Malondialdehyde, chromatin, sperm parameters , Asthenozoospermi

Une nouvelle mention du dieu Mars Mullo : un graffite sur vase à Notre-Dame-du-Marillais (Le Marillais, Maine-et-Loire)

Un bol en sigillée du Centre-Ouest, découvert fortuitement à Notre-Dame-du-Marillais (Maine-et-Loire), porte un graffite à caractère votif où sont mentionnés les puissances divines des Augustes et le dieu Mullo. Ce nouveau témoignage s’ajoute à un corpus d’une douzaine d’autres mentions de Mars Mullo, divinité poliade honorée dans plusieurs cités de l’Ouest de la Lyonnaise.A Terra Sigillata bowl from Central-West Gaul, discovered by chance on the site of Notre-Dame-du-Marillais (Maine-et-Loire, France), bears a votive graffito which mentions the divine spirits of the emperors and the god Mullo. This new evidence is to be added to a corpus of a dozen other records of Mars Mullo, poliade godhead honoured in several territories of the Western Lyonnaise province

Effect of Glutathione Adding to Freezing Media on Sperm Parameters and on Malondialdehyde Concentration and Abnormal Sperm Chromatin Percent of Oligozoospermic Patients

Abstract:Objective: The study aimed to study the effect antioxidant Glutathione adding to sperm Freezing Media ( Sperm Freeze) on Sperm Parameters and Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatin percent of Oligozoospermic patientsMethodology: This study was performed in the laboratory of Intra cytoplasmic Injection and freezing of sperm in the fertility center of Al-Sader Medical City / Al-najaf Alashraf City during the period from May, 2012 to April 2013 , The study included 30 of Oligozoospermic patients, the statistical analysis of this study performed by using Student's t – test and paired t – test at the level of probability 0.05Results: The study results shows that used of sperm Freezing Media ( Sperm Freeze) with adding of 1 mm from antioxidant Glutathione leads to a significant difference (p<0.05) in sperm parameters of study included patients , there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the sperm progressive motility percent and sperm viability percent ,and there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) In The Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatin percent and no significant difference (p<0.05) In the sperm concentration, normal sperm morphology percent and round cell concentration In comparison with their Means when used of sperm freezing media ( Sperm Freeze) alone .Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that sperm rapid freezing and thawing processes had a negative effect on the semen and sperm parameters and Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatin percent in all samples of study included patients and adding of 1 mm from antioxidant Glutathione shows resistance to this negative effect leads to a significant increase (p<0.05) In the studying parameters .Recommendation: using of antioxidant Glutathione with sperm Freezing Media (Sperm Freeze) in sperm cryopreservation processesKeyword : Effect , Glutathione , Freezing Media , Sperm Parameters , Malondialdehyde , chromatin , Oligozoospermi

Effect of maternal obesity and preconceptional weight loss on male and female offspring metabolism and olfactory performance in mice

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. According to the “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity predisposes the offspring to non-communicable diseases in adulthood. While a preconceptional weight loss (WL) is recommended for obese women, its benefits on the offspring have been poorly addressed. We evaluated whether preconceptional WL was able to reverse the adverse effects of maternal obesity in a mouse model, exhibiting a modification of foetal growth and of the expression of genes encoding epigenetic modifiers in liver and placenta. We tracked metabolic and olfactory behavioural trajectories of offspring born to control, obese or WL mothers. After weaning, the offspring were either put on a control diet (CD) or a high-fat (HFD). After only few weeks of HFD, the offspring developed obesity, metabolic alterations and olfactory impairments, independently of maternal context. However, male offspring born to obese mother gained even more weight under HFD than their counterparts born to lean mothers. Preconceptional WL normalized the offspring metabolic phenotypes but had unexpected effects on olfactory performance: a reduction in olfactory sensitivity, along with a lack of fasting-induced, olfactory-based motivation. Our results confirm the benefits of maternal preconceptional WL for male offspring metabolic health but highlight some possible adverse outcomes on olfactory-based behaviours

Microscopic characterization of pretransition oxide formed on Zr-Nb-Sn alloy under various Zn and dissolved hydrogen concentrations

Microstructure of oxide formed on Zr-Nb-Sn tube sample was intensively examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy after exposure to simulated primary water chemistry conditions of various concentrations of Zn (0 or 30 ppb) and dissolved hydrogen (H-2) (30 or 50 cc/kg) for various durations without applying desirable heat flux. Microstructural analysis indicated that there was no noticeable change in the microstructure of the oxide corresponding to water chemistry changes within the test duration of 100 days (pretransition stage) and no significant difference in the overall thickness of the oxide layer. Equiaxed grains with nano-size pores along the grain boundaries and microcracks were dominant near the water/oxide interface, regardless of water chemistry conditions. As the metal/oxide interface was approached, the number of pores tended to decrease. However, there was no significant effect of H-2 concentration between 30 cc/kg and 50 cc/kg on the corrosion of the oxide after free immersion in water at 360 degrees C. The adsorption of Zn on the cladding surface was observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and detected as ZnO on the outer oxide surface. From the perspective of OH - ion diffusion and porosity formation, the absence of noticeable effects was discussed further