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Hay un ejemplar encuadernado con: Carta Pastoral (XVIII/1560)Sign.: [A]-F4, G3Esc. grab. calc. arzobispal e inicial calc., en p. [III

COVID-19 and the bovine livestock sector in Colombia: Current and potential developments, impacts and mitigation options

Documento disponible en español: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/108370The COVID-19 crisis is affecting the bovine livestock sector in Colombia. First impacts and short-term mitigation measures are already visible in all links of the beef and dairy value chains. The full magnitude of the crisis is not yet visible but most impacts already are or will be negative and will affect the beef and dairy value chain’s performance in the near future. However, positive trends are also visible and some will endure the crisis and help building a more resilient food system for the future. Consumer preferences will change towards more food safety, traceability, animal welfare and sustainability and the sector will need to understand this and push value chain formalization and consumer communication. The transformation of the primary sector towards more sustainability and efficiency is becoming urgent, not only to increase resilience during times of crisis (as in the actual COVID-19 situation), but also to face the aggravating effects of climate change and combat inequality. Digitalization and virtualization have become important means during the crisis in all links of the value chains, creating opportunities for sustainably increasing sector efficiency. Research can play a fundamental role in analyzing and understanding the impacts posed by the current crisis, providing technologies and recommendations for recovery, and developing solutions for building resilient food systems. This document serves as a guide to understand current developments, impacts and mitigation measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also provides an outlook on potential future impacts and suggestions for mitigation options that can help policyand decision-makers in preparing the sector better for future crise

Use of digital technologies in early childhood education in times of pandemic

El confinamiento provocado por la CoVId-19 suscitó la adaptación de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje a una modalidad online. En la etapa de Educación Infantil, este cambio no estuvo exento de dificultades y el profesorado tuvo que valerse de recursos y estrategias tecnológicas para enfrentar dicho problema. Por ello, se quiso conocer cómo se adaptaron los docentes de Infantil a este cambio y qué estrategias y herramientas utilizaron. Se confeccionó un cuestionario con tal fin y se distribuyó entre los docentes. Se recogieron 207 respuestas y en ellas se constató el empleo mayoritario del correo electrónico, de los videos y videoconferencias, de la mensajería instantánea y de los blogs y plataformas de aprendizaje. En cambio, el uso y la valoración de otros recursos, como las WebQuests, fue muy escaso. El profesorado prefiere utilizar en la enseñanza online recursos más actuales, más dinámicos y cuya elaboración no requiera un excesivo trabajo.The confinement caused by CoVId-19 led to the adaptation of the teaching-learning processes to an online modality. At the Early Childhood Education stage, this change was not without difficulties and teachers had to make use of technological resources and strategies to face this problem. Therefore, we wanted to find out how pre-school teachers adapted to this change and what strategies and tools they used. A questionnaire was prepared for this purpose and distributed among the teachers. A total of 207 responses were collected, showing the majority use of e-mail, videos and videoconferences, instant messaging, blogs and learning platforms. on the other hand, the use and evaluation of other resources, such as WebQuests, was very low. Teachers prefer to use more current, more dynamic resources in online teaching, whose elaboration does not require excessive work

Influencia de la posición de las paletas en el rendimiento de una turbina de hélice con rotor de alabes rectos

El presente artículo pertenece al desarrollo del provecto de grado "Diseño y Construcción de una Turbina Hidráulica de 3 Kw

Covid-19 and the Colombian cattle sector: Current and potential developments, impacts and mitigation options

The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the Colombian cattle sector. First impacts and short-term mitigation measures are already visible in all links of the beef and dairy value chains. The full magnitude of the crisis is not yet clear but most impacts already are or will be negative and will affect the beef and dairy value chain’s performance in the near future. However, some positive trends are also occurring and could, at least to some extent, endure the crisis and help building a more resilient food system for the future. The objective of this study is to shed light on the current and potential developments, impacts and mitigation options of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Colombian cattle sector. Through literature, media and legal document review, we provide a thorough analysis for the different beef and dairy value chain links and framework conditions, and also include a perspective of how the pandemic affects more vulnerable parts of the population, rural education and on-going efforts towards sustainable intensification of the cattle sector. Our results show that consumer preferences will change towards more food safety, traceability, animal welfare and sustainability and the sector will need to understand this and push value chain formalisation and consumer communication. The transformation of the primary sector towards more sustainability and efficiency is becoming urgent, not only to increase resilience during times of crisis (as in the actual COVID-19 situation), but also to face the aggravating effects of climate change and combat inequality. Digitalisation and virtualisation have become important means during the crisis in all links of the value chains, creating opportunities for sustainably increasing sector efficiency. Research can play a fundamental role in analysing and understanding the impacts posed by the current crisis, providing technologies and recommendations for recovery, and developing solutions for building resilient food systems. Our results serve as guide for policy- and decision-makers to help understanding potential impacts of the pandemic and for the development of adequate mitigation measures in order to prepare the sector better for future crises

Comparison of Reverse Transcription (RT)-Quantitative PCR and RT-Droplet Digital PCR for Detection of Genomic and Subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA

Most individuals acutely infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibit mild symptoms. However, 10 to 20% of those infected develop long-term symptoms, referred to as post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition (PCC). One hypothesis is that PCC might be exacerbated by viral persistence in tissue sanctuaries. Therefore, the accurate detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 are not only necessary for viral load monitoring but also crucial for detecting long-term viral persistence and determining whether viral replication is occurring in tissue reservoirs. In this study, the sensitivity and robustness of reverse transcription (RT)-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and RT-quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques have been compared for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs from oropharyngeal swabs taken from confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive, SARS-CoV-2-exposed, and nonexposed individuals as well as from samples from mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our data demonstrated that both techniques presented equivalent results in the mid- and high-viral-load ranges. Additionally, RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in the low-viral-load range, allowing the accurate detection of positive results in individuals exposed to the virus. Overall, these data suggest that RT-ddPCR might be an alternative to RT-qPCR for detecting low viral loads in samples and for assessing viral persistence in samples from individuals with PCC. IMPORTANCE We developed one-step reverse transcription (RT)-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) protocols to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and compared them to the gold-standard RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in the low-viral-load range, while both techniques were equivalent in the mid- and high-viral-load ranges. Overall, these results suggest that RT-ddPCR might be a viable alternative to RT-qPCR when it comes to detecting low viral loads in samples, which is a highly relevant issue for determining viral persistence in as-yet-unknown tissue reservoirs in individuals suffering from post-COVID conditions or long COVID

COVID-19 y el sector ganadero bovino en Colombia: Desarrollos actuales y potenciales, impactos y opciones de mitigación

This paper is available also in English: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/108354La crisis ocasionada por la pandemia del COVID-19 está afectando la ganadería bovina en Colombia. Los primeros impactos y las medidas de mitigación a corto plazo se han hecho visibles en todos los eslabones de las cadenas de valor de carne y leche. Aunque la magnitud total de la emergencia se verá con el paso del tiempo, se vislumbran en su mayoría impactos negativos, que afectarán el rendimiento de las cadenas de valor mencionadas en el futuro cercano. Pero no todo es adverso: pueden observarse también tendencias positivas, algunas de las cuales ayudarán a sobrellevar la crisis, y contribuirán en la consolidación de un sistema alimentario más resistente. Las preferencias de los consumidores se orientarán hacia una mejor seguridad alimentaria, trazabilidad, bienestar animal y sostenibilidad. El sector deberá comprender e impulsar la formalización de la cadena de valor y la comunicación con el consumidor. La transformación del sector primario hacia una mayor sostenibilidad y eficiencia se hace cada vez más urgente, no sólo para aumentar la resiliencia en tiempos de crisis (como en la emergencia actual de COVID-19), sino también para enfrentar los efectos agravantes del cambio climático y combatir la desigualdad. La digitalización y la virtualización se han convertido en medios importantes durante la crisis en todos los eslabones de las cadenas de valor, creando oportunidades para aumentar de manera sostenible la eficiencia del sector. La investigación puede desempeñar un papel fundamental en el análisis y la comprensión de los impactos planteados por la actual emergencia, proporcionando tecnologías y recomendaciones para una rápida recuperación, así como una correcta construcción de sistemas alimentarios resilientes. Este documento sirve como guía para comprender los desarrollos actuales, los impactos y las medidas de mitigación relacionadas con la pandemia del COVID-19. También proporciona una perspectiva sobre los posibles impactos futuros y propone algunas medidas de mitigación con el ánimo de guiar a los tomadores de decisiones a preparar mejor al sector para posibles dificultades

Supply Chain Management, conceptos, procesos y enfoques

Administrar y gestionar correcta y eficientemente la cadena de abastecimiento de la empresa es la función principal del Supply Chain Management mediante procesos administrativos relacionados con el cliente, proveedor, demanda, gestión de orden, flujo de manufactura, productos y retorno desde un enfoque estratégico y es complementario al Scor Model herramienta que nos permite representar, analizar y configurar cadenas de suministro a través de sus niveles y procesos con un enfoque transaccional.Managing and correctly and efficiently managing the supply chain of the company is the main function of Supply Chain Management through administrative processes related to the customer, supplier, demand, order management, manufacturing flow, products and return from a strategic approach and is complementary to the Scor Model tool that allows us to represent, analyze and configure supply chains through its levels and processes with a transactional approach

Altered T-cell subset distribution in the viral reservoir in HIV-1-infected individuals with extremely low proviral DNA (LoViReTs)

HIV cure strategies aim to eliminate viral reservoirs that persist despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). We have previously described that 9% of HIV-infected individuals who receive ART harbor low levels of provirus (LoViReTs). We selected 22 LoViReTs matched with 22 controls ART suppressed for more than 3 years with fewer than 100 and more than 100 HIV-DNA copies/10 6 CD4 + T cells, respectively. We measured HIV reservoirs in blood and host genetic factors. Fourteen LoViReTs underwent leukapheresis to analyze replication-competent virus, and HIV-DNA in CD4 + T-cell subpopulations. Additionally, we measured HIV-DNA in rectum and/or lymph node biopsies from nine of them. We found that LoViReTs harbored not only lower levels of total HIV-DNA, but also significantly lower intact HIV-DNA, cell-associated HIV-RNA, and ultrasensitive viral load than controls. The proportion of intact versus total proviruses was similar in both groups. We found no differences in the percentage of host factors. In peripheral blood, 71% of LoViReTs had undetectable replication-competent virus. Minimum levels of total HIV-DNA were found in rectal and lymph node biopsies compared with HIV-infected individuals receiving ART. The main contributors to the reservoir were short-lived transitional memory and effector memory T cells (47% and 29%, respectively), indicating an altered distribution of the HIV reservoir in the peripheral T-cell subpopulations of LoViReTs. In conclusion, LoViReTs are characterized by low levels of viral reservoir in peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, which might be explained by an altered distribution of the proviral HIV-DNA towards more short-lived memory T cells. LoViReTs can be considered exceptional candidates for future interventions aimed at curing HIV