A finite element strategy coupling a gradient-enhanced damage model and cohesive cracks for quasi-brittle materials

A new combined strategy to describe failure of quasi-brittle materials is presented thus allowing the complete description of the process, from initiation of damage to crack propagation. For the early stages of the process, and in order to overcome the well-known problems characterising local descriptions of damage (e.g. mesh-dependence), a gradient-enhanced model based on smoothed displacements is employed. In order to deal with material separation, this continuous description is coupled to a cohesive crack when damage parameter exceeds a critical value. Some difficulties may arise when dealing with the transition from regularised damage models to evolving cracks: crack initiation, crack-path direction, energetic equivalence... In this work, a discrete cohesive crack is introduced when the damage parameter exceeds a critical value. On the one hand, and to determine the crack-path direction, the medial axis of the already damaged profile is computed. That is, a geometric tool widely used in the computer graphics field is used here to track the crack surface. Since this technique is exclusively based on the shape of the regularised damage profile, no mesh sensitivity is observed when determining the crack direction. On the other hand, and to define the cohesive law, an energy balance is imposed thus ensuring that the fracture energy not yet dissipated in the damage zone is transferred to the crack

La intertextualidad en el derecho y en la lingüística. La intertextualidad entre los documentos jurídicos de una cadena. Un análisis para la traducción

Le traducteur juridique de documents privés s’intéresse au contexte documentaire du document d’origine et, plus notamment, aux renvois implicites ou explicites que celui-ci fait à d’autres documents, de telle façon qu’une chaîne de documents est créée dont l’un des documents est central ou de base par rapport aux autres qui sont subordonnés. Cet article analyse les chaînes de documents associés entre eux appartenant à la même circonstance d’émission prévue par le système juridique qui établit les conditions documentaires requises pour la validité du negotium.L’exercice que l’on propose consiste à reconnaître les conditions de validité du negotium requises dans le document de base qui est associé aux documents subordonnées en tant que guide du traducteur dans sa lecture afin qu’il découvre graduellement les éléments du negotium dans le texte, soient explicites ou implicites.The legal translator of private documents is interested in the documentary context of the ST and, more specifically, in the tacit or express remission to other documents, creating therefore, a chain of documents, where one of them is central and basic as opposed to the others, the subordinate ones. This paper particularly deals with the group or chain of documents, related because they belong to the same circumstance of issue as regulated by the legal systems, which set out the documentary requirements necessary for the existence of the basic document.We put forward an exercise for the translator: he is to recognise the requirements for the existence of the negotium within the basic document since they are associated with subordinate documents as a guide for him while reading in order that he gradually finds out about the explicit or implicit elements of the negotium

El traductor jurídico y la intertextualidad : el ordenamiento jurídico como contexto comunicativo-documental del documento de partida

Este artículo trata del concepto de intertextualidad desde el derecho y desde la lingüística textual. El estudio de este tema puede ayudar a juristas y traductores a interpretar el documento. Nuestra reflexión facilita que el traductor inscriba el texto en el ordenamiento jurídico, en el conjunto de documentos negociales y, más concretamente, en los de su tipo y, finalmente, en la cadena de documentos de que forma parte. Con esa conciencia debe poder traducir los consiguientes lazos de remisión a otros documentos.This paper deals with the concept of intertextuality from the point of view both of law and textual linguistics. Studying this topic can help both legal professionals and translators to interpret the document. Our study should help the translator to fit the legal document in the legal system, in the group of all private documents and, more specifically, in those of its type and, finally, in the chain of documents it belongs to. Being aware of that helps him in turn to translate any remissions to other legal documents

La regulación legal de la traducción jurídica de documentos de la common law en España: el funcionalismo en términos de “universales”, un estándar de equivalencia

Afin de déterminer quel est le concept de traduction nécessaire aux traducteurs en Espagne, nous nous proposons d’étudier tout d’abord la manière dont le droit espagnol envisage la traduction selon le contexte social international contemporain. En effet, ce n’est qu’après avoir examiné la loi que le concept de traduction juridique peut être établi. Puis, nous vérifierons, en appliquant le fonctionnalisme au domaine juridique, si la fonction principale du document, à savoir son efficacité juridique, est préservée. L’efficacité, sur le plan légal, du document juridique à traduire est le critère fondamental à respecter. Elle est définie dans le contexte d’une collaboration internationale dans le cadre de laquelle une loi ou un document étrangers doivent être reconnus ou appliqués selon les lois et les principes du droit international. La collaboration internationale est fondée sur la reconnaissance de bases communes (universaux jurilinguistiques) chez les pays concernés ainsi que sur le respect des différences.In order to determine which translation concept is needed by translators in Spain, we will examine how the concept of translation is envisaged by Spanish law in keeping with today’s international sociological context. Only after examining the law can the legal translation concept be determined. Then, applying functionalism to the legal context, we will analyze whether the main function of the document, that is, its legal effectiveness, is preserved. The fundamental criterion required is the legal effectiveness of the legal document to be translated. Such effectiveness is defined in the context of an international collaboration in which foreign law or documents need to be recognized or implemented in a country according to the principles of international law. Such international collaboration is based on the acknowledgement of the common ground of the countries involved (jurilinguistic universals) and on respect for the differences

El estudio de las marcas jurídico-discursivas del acto jurídico en el documento negocial : una estrategia para la traducción jurídica de documentos Common Law

En este artículo analizamos el documento jurídico negocial (testamentos, contratos, poderes, deeds, etc.) desde el derecho y la lingüística del texto para comprobar la aproximación funcional y concurrente de ambas ciencias en relación con el acto jurídico. La correlación jurídicolingüística que se establezca permitirá analizar el acto jurídico principal y otros rasgos cognitivo-pragmáticos asociados que recuerdan de forma reiterada la presencia del acto y su eficacia en el texto. El estudio se propone en el contexto de la traducción jurídica de documentos de la Common Law al español.This article analyzes the legal document (wills, agreements, powers of attorney, deeds in general, etc.) from two points of view (that of the law and that of textual linguistics) to verify the functional approach regarding the legal act, as taken equally by both fields. The jurilinguistic correlation that may result will allow us to analyse the main legal act and other further cognitive- pragmatic traits which recurrently reminds us of the presence of the act and its effectiveness in the text. The study is put forward in the context of the legal translation of Common Law documents into Spanish

La institución desconocida y la intraducibilidad. Paralelismo entre el derecho comparado y la traducción jurídica frente a la intraducibilidad

L’inconnu, par sa nature même, peut susciter crainte et méfiance. Que ressent le juriste devant une institution inconnue ? De quelle façon le traducteur réagit-il ? Le présent article analyse les réactions produites par une institution du droit anglo-saxon inconnue en Espagne, comme le trust, chez les juristes et les traducteurs juridiques de ce pays. Cette analyse nous conduit à proposer qu’il existe, dans une telle situation, une corrélation étroite entre l’attitude du traducteur juridique, la position adoptée par le droit international privé et le comportement des juristes chargés de l’application de lois étrangères. Nous comparons, de plus, le comportement des traducteurs et des juristes espagnols, plutôt conservateurs, à celui qui peut être observé dans d’autres pays, comme le Canada, réputés pour être plus ouverts d’esprit. Enfin, nous proposons des stratégies de traduction faisant appel au calque et à l’emprunt de termes intraduisibles.The unknown, precisely because it is unknown, causes suspicion and fear. What does the lawyer feel when he faces an unknown legal institution? How does the translator react in such a case? In this article we study both the reaction of the Spanish legal community and also that of translators in Spain when facing an unknown legal institution like the trust. That enables us to realise that there is a close relationship between the attitude of the legal translator when faced with a new institution like the trust and the view taken by international private law rules as well as that of the legal community in charge of applying foreign law. Furthermore, we compare the attitude of the Spanish translators and the legal community in Spain, rather conservative, with that of other countries, like Canada, which have shown to be more open minded. Finally, we put forward translation strategies based on the calque and loan of the foreign word

Some examples of bands with two components

A band is a semigroup whose elements are idempotents. The paper is motivated by some open problems concerning linear representations of bands. A counterexample to a conjecture stated in [1] is given. On the other hand, it is proved that there exist linear bands with two components such that the associated commutative K-algebra constructed in [1] cannot be embedded into any Noetherian ring, even in the case where this algebra is reduced

A new continuous-discontinuous damage model: cohesive cracks via an accurate energy-transfer process

A new continuous-discontinuous strategy to describe failure of quasi-brittle materials is presented. For the early stages of the failure process, a gradient-enhanced model based on smoothed displacements is employed. As soon as the damage parameter exceeds a critical value Dcrit<1, a cohesive crack is introduced. A new criterion to estimate the energy not yet dissipated by the bulk when switching models-from continuous to continuous-discontinuous-is proposed. Then, this energy is transferred to the cohesive crack thus ensuring that the continuous and the continuous-discontinuous strategies are energetically equivalent. Compared to other existing techniques, this new strategy accounts for the different unloading branches of damage models and thus, a more accurate estimation of the energy that has to be transferred is obtained. The performance of this technique is illustrated with one- and two-dimensional examples.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Discontinuous failure in a gradient-enhanced continuous damage model: a regularised displacement framework

To simulate numerically a failure process, a new kind of model which combines the two traditional approaches (damage and fracture mechanics) has been proposed in the literature. The basic idea of these hybrid strategies is to employ regularised continuous models to describe the first stages of failure and discontinuous models to deal with the possible development of cracks. Here, a new combined approach is presented. In order to describe damage inception and its diffuse propagation, an implicit gradient-enhanced continuum model based on smoothed displacements is used, where two different displacement fields coexist: (a) the standard displacements u u u and (b) the gradient-enriched displacement field u u u, which is the solution of a partial differential equation with u u u as the source term. Once the damage parameter exceeds a critical value, the continuous model is coupled to a discontinuous one. The eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM) is used to describe the growing cracks, whose direction of propagation is prescribed by the steepest descent direction of the damage profile and whose cohesive law is defined according to an energy balance. Therefore, the energy not yet dissipated by the continuous bulk is transmitted to the cohesive interface thus ensuring that the energy dissipated by the structure remains constant through the transition

A geometric bridge between regularised damage and energetically equivalent cracks

In order to achieve a better characterisation of a whole failure process, models which combine damage and fracture mechanics have recently been proposed. Here, a new combined methodology is presented: in order to describe damage inception and its diffuse propagation, a gradient-enhanced continuum model based on smoothed displacements is used, which is coupled to a discontinuous one to describe the final stages of the process. Special emphasis should be placed on the difficulties concerning the transition between continuous damage growth and fracture. On the one hand, and in order to conserve the energy dissipation through the change of models, an appropriate cohesive law must be defined. In this paper, the proposed technique to define this law is explained. On the other hand, the direction of the crack path should be determined. Here, a new strategy is proposed: the discontinuity is propagated following the direction dictated by the medial axis of the damaged domain. That is, a geometric tool, widely used in the computer graphics field, is used here to locate cracks.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version