3,273 research outputs found

    Age, period, and cohort effects on adult mortality due to extrinsic causes of death

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    Après des décennies d'amélioration, l'espérance de vie a stagné dans plusieurs pays à faible mortalité ces dernières années, avec, dans certains cas, quelques reculs. L’augmentation de la mortalité due à la grippe et aux surdoses de drogue, en particulier dans la génération des baby-boomers, a été le principal responsable de cette stagnation de l’espérance de vie. Cette découverte était inattendue, car il est considéré que la mortalité extrinsèque – par opposition à la mortalité intrinsèque due à des maladies dégénératives se déclarant souvent aux grands âges – joue un rôle négligeable dans les changements actuels d'espérance de vie. Pour la même raison, les tendances temporelles de la mortalité extrinsèque n’ont guère retenu l’attention des chercheurs. Les crises périodiques dues aux épidémies de grippe et à la crise des opioïdes sont considérées comme les principaux déterminants des variations de la mortalité extrinsèque. Cependant, des preuves récentes suggèrent que les effets de cohorte jouent un rôle important dans la modulation de la mortalité extrinsèque, mais que de telles influences sont encore mal connues. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'examiner le rôle des effets de cohorte sur l’évolution de la mortalité extrinsèque dans les dernières décennies, avec un accent particulier mis sur la grippe et les causes de décès comportementales. Plus spécifiquement, elle vise à (1) déterminer les différences par cohorte de mortalité par la grippe et l’influence des expositions précoces au virus sur cette mortalité; (2) analyser le désavantage de mortalité des baby-boomers au Canada et aux États-Unis en identifiant la contribution des causes comportementales à ce désavantage; et (3) développer un outil méthodologique permettant à la fois l'analyse visuelle de la dynamique temporelle des effets non linéaires d'âge, de période et de cohorte (APC) et la comparaison entre divers phénomènes ou populations. Pour ces analyses, nous utilisons des micro-données de mortalité provenant de systèmes de statistiques de l’état civil au Canada et aux États-Unis. Nous utilisons également les taux de mortalité et de fécondité de divers pays pour généraliser l'analyse visuelle des effets non linéaires à d'autres phénomènes démographiques que la mortalité. Les analyses ont été réalisées en appliquant des modèles de Serfling pour l’estimation de la mortalité par grippe, des mesures démographiques permettant une décomposition par cause des variations de la mortalité, des techniques de lissage pour identifier les tendances et des approches statistiques et visuelles sur des configurations de Lexis pour l’analyse des effets APC. Les résultats, sous la forme de trois articles scientifiques, montrent que malgré des fluctuations marquées au cours des années calendrier (période), les cohortes de naissance ont une influence indépendante et durable sur la mortalité liée à la grippe ou due au comportement. Les principaux résultats du premier article suggèrent que deux mécanismes modulent la mortalité grippale au fil des cohortes. Pour la population jeune et adulte, les risques de mortalité par cohortes dépendent du contraste en le premier virus auquel on est vraisemblablement exposé (le virus laissant« l’empreinte antigénique ») et le virus rencontré à l’âge adulte, au moment de l’épidémie sous observation. Des modifications significatives du risque de décès ont ainsi été observées lors d’épidémies de grippes pour les cohortes nées lors d'importants changements antigéniques (par exemple, une diminution significative du risque pour les cohortes nées entre 1957 et 1968). Pour les âges plus avancés, nous n’avons pas identifié de tels effets de cohorte « ponctuels », mais plutôt un effet de cohorte de plus longue haleine, qui aura conduit à un déclin progressif de la mortalité par grippe entre 1959 et 2016. En nous inspirant des théories dites de technophysio ou de cohort morbidity phenotype, nous attribuons ce déclin à des changements s’étant produit bien avant, c’est-à-dire à l’amélioration marqué des conditions sanitaires qui a eu lieu entre 1900 et 1930, au moment où les cohortes concernées venaient au monde et dont elles ont pu bénéficier. Les travaux du deuxième article de cette thèse révèlent que la plupart des excès de mortalité chez les baby-boomers au Canada et aux États-Unis sont dus à des causes comportementales. Le désavantage des baby-boomers résulte de plusieurs effets de cohortes sur des causes comportementales différentes, et non pas d'effets de période ponctuels affectant la même cohorte aux âges différents, un mécanisme alternatif qui pourrait expliquer la «pénalité des boomers». Les baby-boomers présentaient respectivement un risque d'hépatite C et de mortalité par drogue trois fois et deux fois plus élevé que les cohortes voisines. La contribution méthodologique des graphique de courbure APC, présentée dans le troisième article, nous a permis d'analyser la dynamique des effets non linéaires au fil du temps, à travers divers phénomènes et populations. Cette technique offre une plus grande flexibilité que les modèles statistiques ou autres graphiques de Lexis. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse montrent l'importance d'analyser les effets de cohortes sur la mortalité extrinsèque. Nos résultats indiquent que même en présence de perturbations de période importantes affectant la mortalité extrinsèque à la plupart des âges, les effets de cohorte se sont maintenus au fil du temps. Ces résultats suggèrent également que les politiques publiques peuvent améliorer considérablement la santé de la population en formulant des politiques qui prennent en compte la sensibilité différentielle des cohortes aux facteurs de risque et en fournissant un soutien social aux cohortes les plus vulnérables.After decades of improvement, life expectancy momentarily declined during 2014-15 in several high income countries, with subsequent reversals in some cases. The main sources of this stagnation have been increases in mortality from influenza and drug overdoses, mainly for the baby-boomer generation. This trend is unexpected because it has long been assumed that extrinsic mortality, which is due to causes originating outside the body – in opposition to intrinsic mortality from degenerative diseases at old ages –, plays a negligible role in life expectancy changes. For this reason, the temporal patterns of extrinsic mortality have received little attention in demographic research. Period crises such as influenza epidemics and the opioid crisis are considered the main determinants of variations of extrinsic mortality. However, despite recent evidence suggesting that cohort effects have an important role in modulating extrinsic mortality, little is known about this relationship. The main objective of this dissertation is to help fill this gap by examining cohort influences on extrinsic mortality change, with a particular emphasis on influenza and behavioral causes. More specifically, we aim (1) to quantify cohort differences in mortality from influenza and the influence of early life exposures to the virus on subsequent influenza mortality; (2) to analyze the baby boomers’ disadvantage in mortality in Canada and the United States, while identifying the contributions of behavioral causes to this disadvantage; and (3) to develop a methodological tool that can be used to both conduct visual analysis of the temporal dynamics of nonlinear Age-Period-Cohort (APC) effects, and compare these dynamics across various phenomena or populations. To achieve these goals, we use micro-level mortality data from vital statistics in Canada and the United States. We also employ death and fertility rates from various countries to generalize the visual analysis of nonlinear effects to other demographic phenomena. The analyses were conducted by applying Serfling models for the estimation of influenza mortality, demographic measures for the decomposition of cause-specific mortality changes, smoothing techniques for the identification of trends, and statistical and visual approaches on the Lexis configuration for the analysis of APC effects. The results, in the form of three scientific articles, show that despite marked fluctuations over calendar years (periods), birth cohorts have an independent and sustained influence on influenza and mortality from behavioral causes. The main results from the first paper suggest that two mechanisms modulated influenza mortality over cohorts. For the young and adult population, the mortality risks over cohorts depend of the contrast between the first virus to which individuals were exposed (the virus producing an antigenic imprinting) and the virus encountered in adulthood during the observed epidemic. For this age segment, significant changes in risk were found during influenza epidemics among cohorts born during important antigenic shifts (e.g., a decrease in risk for cohorts born between 1957 and 1968). For older ages, we did not identify such “punctual” cohort effects but rather a smooth and monotonic change in cohort effects that might have driven a progressive decline in influenza mortality between 1959 and 2016. Inspired by so-called cohort morbidity phenotype and technophysio evolution theories, we attributed this decline to changes produced earlier, i.e., to the sharp sanitary improvements occurred between 1900 and 1930, when the concerned cohorts were born and when they could have benefited. Findings from the second paper revealed that most of the baby boomers’ excess mortality in Canada and the United States is driven by behavioral causes of death. The “boomer disadvantage” resulted from multiple cohort effects on behavioral-related mortality, and not from punctual period effects affecting the same cohort at different ages. Among the baby boomers, the risk of dying from hepatitis C was almost three times higher, and the risk of dying from drug-related causes was almost two times higher, than among the adjacent cohorts. These results were obtained using an innovative methodology developed in the third paper, which allowed us to analyze the dynamics of nonlinear effects over time through APC curvature plots. This technique provides greater flexibility than statistical models or other Lexis plots, and it has been shown to be applicable to other demographic phenomena, such as fertility. The findings presented in this dissertation offer evidence of the importance of analyzing cohort effects on extrinsic mortality. Our results indicate that even in the presence of substantial period disturbances affecting extrinsic mortality at most ages, cohort effects were sustained over time. These findings also suggest that public policies can significantly improve the health of the population by formulating policies that take into account the differential sensitivity of cohorts to risk factors and by providing social support to the most vulnerable cohorts

    Cp(X)Cp(X) for Hattori Spaces

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    Motivated by the main results of the articles by Hattori and Bouziad, we seek to answer the following questions about Hattori spaces. Let A be a subset of the real line, then: Given a compact set KK in the Euclidean topology, under what conditions is KK compact in the Hattori space H(A)H(A)? When is H(A)H(A) a quasi-metrizable space? When is H(A)H(A) a semi-stratifiable space? When is Cp(H(A))C_p(H(A)) a normal space? When is Cp(H(A))C_p(H(A)) a Lindel\"of space? We obtain complete answers for 3 out of these 5 questions, while the last ones remain with partial answers, among them: \ Theorem: If RA\mathbb{R}\setminus A is analytic, then Cp(H(A))C_p(H(A)) is not normal. Moreover when we work on the Solovay Model we can improve the previous result to only require RA\mathbb{R}\setminus A to be uncountable

    Elite Interests and Public Expenditure in Education in the late XIX and early XX Century in Prussia: A Dialogue Between History and Economics

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    Este artículo analiza la manera en que la política de educación pública de Prusia fue orientada intencionalmente hacia principios económicos que los economistas modernos han formalizado y replicado. El ensayo compara los resultados de dos modelos económicos con las intenciones de los funcionarios del gobierno prusiano, las cuales se encuentran recogidas en la agenda de investigación de historiadores y académicos. El documento concluye que la política de educación pública de Prusia fue intuitiva e intencionalmente influenciada por principios económicos y las orientaciones de los modelos teóricos y empíricos seleccionados para tal fin.This paper discusses how Prussia’s public education policy was intentionally guided by economic principles that modern economists have formalized and modeled. The essay compares the results of two economic models with the intentions held by Prussian government officials, which are enshrined in the research agenda of historians and academics. The paper concludes that Prussia’s public education policy was intuitively and intentionally influenced by economic principles and intuitions of the theoretical and empirical models chosen

    Isolated cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease: a case report

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    Background:Rosai-Dorfman also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is a benign, idiopathic lymphoproliferative disorder that usually affects the lymph nodes. Cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare extranodal variant that occurs as histiocyte-rich inflammatory infiltrates, manifesting with a variable clinical morphology. Usually it appears as erythematous to brown papules, plaques, or nodules, with no predilection for site. The histological picture shows abnormal lymph node architecture, reactive germinal centers, fibrosis and emperipolesis in the dermis. On immunophenotypic analysis, S100 protein and CD68 are usually present on dendritic cells. Case Report: We report a case of purely cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease. A 55-year-old male presented to our clinic for an indurated nodule on the left malar region. He reported a slow and progressive growth of 2-year history without systemic symptoms. A cutaneous biopsy showed a nodular inflammatory infiltrate within the dermis consisting of histiocytes, local aggregates of plasma cells and lymphocytes. Histiocytes were enlarged with vesicular nuclei, and emperipolesis was observed. Furthermore, histiocytes stained positively for S-100 and CD68. Owing to local involvement, the patient received a surgery to exsect the lesion completely. Conclusions: Sinus histiocytosis is a rare inflammatory disease mainly affecting the cervical lymph nodes, presenting with skin lesions in 10% of cases. The diagnosis of cutaneous RDD is differentiated from other histiocytic conditions by the combination of clinical findings accompanied by histopathologic and immunohistochemical confirmationUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

    Subjetividad, salud mental y neoliberalismo en las políticas públicas de salud en Colombia

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    La investigación se sostiene en una lógica psicoanalítica, el primer momento es la emergencia de tres significantes: subjetividad, salud mental y neoliberalismo. En un segundo momento, se cruza lo que se refleja en el decreto 3039 de 2007, por el cual se adopta el plan de salud pública 2007-2010, y el documento de los Lineamientos de política púbica en salud mental y su relación con el neoliberalismo.The investigation is held in a psychoanalytic logic, the first step is the emergence of three significant: subjectivity, mental health and neoliberalism. In a second step, intersect as reflected in Decree 3039 of 2007 by which the public health national plan 2007/2010 is adopted, and the document Guidelines for Public Policy in Mental Health, and its relationship with neoliberalism

    La influencia de la cultura empresarial en el desarrollo de las entidades públicas en Colombia

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    El enfoque del presente trabajo muestra al lector diferentes parámetros para la gestión de la cultura empresarial al interior de una organización sin distinguir su naturaleza pública o privada, por cuanto se convierte en una herramienta de tipo analítico que permitirá dirigir o realizarapreciaciones a la forma en la cual se gestiona la cultura empresarial al interior de las organizaciones de las que haga parte, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de este aspecto en el desarrollo organizacional

    Comparisons of Young Peopleas Educational Aspirations on MOOC

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    Are different government plans to cut the rate of young people known as NEET now in the age between 15 and 29 years These people have a serious problem to do a life plan and emancipation however has a much greater technological power than their parents and live in a continuously changing world With the rise of massive open online courses MOOC these people have an opportunity to improve their quality of life in this model of education However it is possible that they might have troubles to adapt to this new way of learning This research takes two courses with more than 6 500 students each where most of the students are NEET One of the courses is about something completely technology video games and the other is more traditional law The experiment will try to answer the question of whether the technological novelty of the subject influences in their interest and if it influences the occupational wishes of NEE

    Comparsion of mortality attributable to tobacco in selected Latin America countries

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    Objetivo: Comparar la mortalidad atribuible al consumo de tabaco en países seleccionados de América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile y México) entre los años 2009 y 2013. Método: Se utiliza la metodología de Evaluación Comparativa de Riesgos (CRA) para estimar la mortalidad atribuible; luego se calculó los años de esperanza de vida perdidos (AEVP), siguiendo la metodología propuesta de Arriaga. Se utilizaron datos secundarios de la agencia nacional de estadísticas de cada país. Resultados: Los mayores porcentajes de muerte por tabaco se observaron entre los hombres argentinos y chilenos (14,4 y 14,3 % del total de muertes, respectivamente), seguidos por los mexicanos (12,5 % del total de muertes). Entre las mujeres, el mayor porcentaje se registró en Chile (8 % del total de muertes), seguido por México y Argentina (5,3, y 5,1 % del total de muertes, respectivamente). Para ambos sexos, Brasil registró los menores porcentajes (5,4 y 2,8 % del total de muertes, para hombres y mujeres). En términos de esperanza de vida, los más afectados por la mortalidad debido al consumo de tabaco fueron los hombres y las mujeres de Argentina, quienes perdieron 1,77 y 0,65 años de esperanza de vida, respectivamente, seguidos muy de cerca por los hombres y mujeres chilenas. Conclusiones: Los hombres y mujeres de Argentina presentaron la mayor pérdida de años de vida a causa del tabaco. Este hecho concuerda con la incipiente implementación de la política antitabaco en este país. En cambio, en los otros países estudiados las políticas de control han sido implementadas más tempranamente. Sin embargo, el tabaco sigue siendo una importante causa de mortalidad en todos estos países, a pesar de los grandes esfuerzos para reducir su consumo.Objective: To compare the mortality attributable to tobacco consumption in selected Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico) between the years 2009 and 2013. Methods: In order to estimate the mortality attributable to risk factors, the Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) methodology was used. Years of Life Expectancy Lost (YLEL) were calculated following the methodology proposed by Arriaga. Secondary data from the national statistics agency of each country were used. Results: The highest percentages of all deaths due tobacco were observed among Argentinian and Chilean men (14.4 and 14.3% of the total deaths, respectively), followed by Mexicans (12.5% of the total deaths). Among women, the highest percentage was registered in Chile (8% of total deaths), followed by Mexico and Argentina (5.3, and 5.1% of total deaths, respectively). For both sexes, Brazil recorded the lowest percentages (5.4 and 2.8% of the total deaths, for men and women). In terms of life expectancy, the most affected by mortality due to tobacco consumption were the men and women of Argentina, who lost 1.77 and 0.65 years of life expectancy, respectively, followed very closely by the Chilean men and women. Conclusions: Men and women of Argentina had the greatest loss of life expectancy due to tobacco; this is consistent with the incipient policy against tobacco implemented in that country. In contrast, in the other countries studied, tobacco control policies were implemented earlier. However, tobacco remains an important cause of mortality in all these countries, despite the great efforts to reduce its consumption.Fil: Acosta, Laura Débora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; ArgentinaFil: Molinatti, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; ArgentinaFil: Pelaez, Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentin

    Uso y producción de recursos de matemáticas: una mirada práctica

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    Presento ejemplos de recursos que han cambiado las prácticas de un profesor. Abordo aspectos concretos para reflexionar sobre los recursos en matemáticas y el impacto que tienen
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