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Theoretical investigation of the electronic structure of Fe(II) complexes at spin-state transitions

The electronic structure relevant to low spin (LS)high spin (HS) transitions in Fe(II) coordination compounds with a FeN6 core are studied. The selected [Fe(tz)6]2+(1) (tz=1H-tetrazole), [Fe(bipy)3]2+(2) (bipy=2,2’-bipyridine) and [Fe(terpy)2]2+ (3) (terpy=2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridine) complexes have been actively studied experimentally, and with their respective mono-, bi-, and tridentate ligands, they constitute a comprehensive set for theoretical case studies. The methods in this work include density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) and multiconfigurational second order perturbation theory (CASPT2). We determine the structural parameters as well as the energy splitting of the LS-HS states (ΔEHL) applying the above methods, and comparing their performance. We also determine the potential energy curves representing the ground and low-energy excited singlet, triplet, and quintet d6 states along the mode(s) that connect the LS and HS states. The results indicate that while DFT is well suited for the prediction of structural parameters, an accurate multiconfigurational approach is essential for the quantitative determination of ΔEHL. In addition, a good qualitative agreement is found between the TD-DFT and CASPT2 potential energy curves. Although the TD-DFT results might differ in some respect (in our case, we found a discrepancy at the triplet states), our results suggest that this approach, with due care, is very promising as an alternative for the very expensive CASPT2 method. Finally, the two dimensional (2D) potential energy surfaces above the plane spanned by the two relevant configuration coordinates in [Fe(terpy)2]2+ were computed both at the DFT and CASPT2 levels. These 2D surfaces indicate that the singlet-triplet and triplet-quintet states are separated along different coordinates, i.e. different vibration modes. Our results confirm that in contrast to the case of complexes with mono- and bidentate ligands, the singlet-quintet transitions in [Fe(terpy)2]2+ cannot be described using a single configuration coordinate

Molecular Squares, Coordination Polymers and Mononuclear Complexes Supported by 2,4-Dipyrazolyl-6H-1,3,5-triazine and 4,6-Dipyrazolylpyrimidine Ligands

The Fe[BF4]2 complex of 2,4-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-6H-1,3,5-triazine (L1) is a high-spin molecular square, [{Fe(L1)}4(μ-L1)4][BF4]8, whose crystals also contain the unusual HPzBF3 (HPz = pyrazole) adduct. Three other 2,4-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-6H-1,3,5-triazine derivatives with different pyrazole substituents (L2-L4) are unstable in the presence of first row transition ions, but form mononuclear, polymeric or molecular square complexes with silver(I). Most of these compounds involve bis-bidentate di(pyrazolyl)triazine coordination, which is unusual for that class of ligand, and the molecular squares encapsulate one or two BF4‒, ClO4‒ or SbF6‒ ions through combinations of anion...π, Ag...X and/or C‒H...X (X = O or F) interactions. Treatment of Fe[NCS]2 or Fe[NCSe]2 with 4,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-2H-pyrimidine (L5) or its 2-methyl and 2-amino derivatives L6 and L7) yields mononuclear [Fe(NCE)2L2] and/or the 1D coordination polymers catena-[Fe(NCE)2(μ-L)] (E = S or Se, L = L5-L7). Alcohol solvates of isomorphous [Fe(NCS)2L2] and [Fe(NCSe)2L2] compounds show different patterns of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, reflecting the acceptor properties of the anion ligands. These iron compounds are all high-spin, although annealing solvated crystals of [Fe(NCSe)2(L5)2] affords a new phase exhibiting an abrupt, low-temperature spin transition. Catena-[Fe(H2O)2(μ-L5)][ClO4]2 is a coordination polymer of alternating cis and trans iron centres

Temperature- and Light-Induced Spin Crossover Observed by X-ray Spectroscopy on Isolated Fe(II) Complexes on Gold

Using X-ray absorption techniques, we show that temperature- and light-induced spin crossover properties are conserved for a submonolayer of the [Fe(H2B(pz)2)2(2,2′-bipy)] complex evaporated onto a Au(111) surface. For a significant fraction of the molecules, we see changes in the absorption at the L2,3 edges that are consistent with those observed in bulk and thick film references. Assignment of these changes to spin crossover is further supported by multiplet calculations to simulate the X-ray absorption spectra. As others have observed in experiments on monolayer coverages, we find that many molecules in our submonolayer system remain pinned in one of the two spin states. Our results clearly demonstrate that temperature- and light-induced spin crossover is possible for isolated molecules on surfaces but that interactions with the surface may play a key role in determining when this can occur

Crystallographic elucidation of purely structural, thermal and light-induced spin transitions in an iron(ii) binuclear complex

The intricate phase diagram of the binuclear iron(ii) spin-crossover complex [{Fe(3-bpp)(NCS)2}2(4,4�-bypiridine)] ·2CH3OH where 3-bpp is 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine has been investigated by variable temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction including a study into the effect of photo-irradiation. This sample is known to exhibit an incomplete spin transition at low temperature. At room temperature, in phase I, iron ions are all crystallographically equivalent, adopting the high spin state (HS). X-Ray structural investigation has revealed two phase transitions in the range (300-30 K). The first transition (T�161 K) leading to phase II is of a purely structural nature and corresponds to a break in symmetry as a result of a twist of the two rings of 4,4�-bipyridine; the two iron sites of the binuclear unit becoming crystallographically independent but remaining all HS. The second structural transition corresponds to the spin crossover, one of the two Fe(ii) ions of the binuclear complex being in the low spin state (LS) in phase III. The crystal structure shows an ordered HS-LS crystal packing where HS and LS sites are clearly identified and not randomly distributed in the metal ion sites as often observed. Moreover, light irradiation of single crystals in phase III at 30 K, leading to phase III*, induces a light-induced spin-state trapping (LIESST) effect corresponding to the full conversion of all the iron sites to HS. The crystal packing in phase III* is closer to that of phase III than to those observed in the other HS phases, I and II. This reveals an unusual differentiation between the thermal and light-induced HS states. A deeper analysis of the structural properties first demonstrates the key role of the bipyridine bridge in the peculiar preliminary pure structural transition shown by the title compound. Elsewhere, it also shows that the molecular packing is strongly dependent on the nature of the external perturbation contrary to the iron coordination sphere geometry that appears to be only dependent on the spin state. Moreover, in the HS phase II, the distortion of the iron sites that will subsequently undergo a spin crossover demonstrates some differences with the distortion of the iron sites that remain HS. The predominant role of the iron environment distortion in the spin crossover phenomenon is thus clearly evidenced. © 2010 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Piezo- and thermo-switch investigation of the spin-crossover compound [Fe(PM-BiA)2(NCS)2]

International audienceWe performed pressure and thermal switching experiments using a novel automatic temperature–pressure–reflectivity set-up. We report here on the pressure and temperature major hysteresis loops of the spin-crossover compound [Fe(PM-BiA)2(NCS)2]. The correlation between the temperature and pressure loops is discussed