46 research outputs found

    Un nouvel indicateur intĂ©grĂ© d’évaluation des dĂ©gĂąts occasionnĂ©s aux grappes par des bioagresseurs majeurs au vignoble

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    Communication faite au cours du colloque DinABio2013, 13 et 14 novembre 2013; Tours, FranceAn original and integrative evaluation indicator has been developed to quantify the cumulated damage from major pests and diseases affecting grape bunches: downy mildew, powdery mildew, gray mould and tortricid moths. It made it possible to estimate the associated crop losses and to relate them to the plant protection strategy in different modes of production (organic farming, in-transition, conventional). Thus, overall plant losses were higher in 2012 than in 2011. The in-transition growers’ strategy, with reduced copper doses but increased numbers of sprays, led to a 20% increase in average severity on bunches (essentially due to Downy mildew). The more pragmatic approach of experienced organic growers and conventional ones (higher doses and fewer sprays) reduced the yield losses. The proposed indicator is used for two purposes, i) evaluating the quantitative losses due to pest attacksand ii) differentiating them from other non-pest ones. A more detailed analysis including the impact on performance will be achieved and published soon.Un indicateur d’évaluation, l’IEDG (Indicateur d’Evaluation des DĂ©gĂąts sur Grappes), a Ă©tĂ© mis au point pour quantifier les dĂ©gĂąts cumulĂ©s dus aux principaux bioagresseurs affectant les grappes de raisin : mildiou, oĂŻdium, pourriture grise et tordeuses. Il permet d’estimer la perte de rĂ©colte imputable au cortĂšge parasitaire et de faire le lien avec la stratĂ©gie phytosanitaire adoptĂ©e (caractĂ©risĂ©e ici par l’IFT) et le mode de production (AB, conversion, conventionnel). Ainsi, les pertes sanitaires ont Ă©tĂ© supĂ©rieures en 2012 par rapport Ă  2011. La stratĂ©gie phytosanitaire des viticulteurs en conversion, basĂ©e sur des rĂ©ductions de dose de cuivre de prĂšs de 80% et des passages plus nombreux dans les parcelles, n’a pas Ă©tĂ© efficiente en 2012 avec des sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ©s proches de 20% sur grappe, essentiellement dues au mildiou. L’utilisation de doses d’applications supĂ©rieures et moins de passages dans les parcelles limite les dommages chez les autres viticulteurs. L’indicateur proposĂ© permet d’évaluer les pertes quantitatives gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par les attaques de bioagresseurs et de les diffĂ©rencier des autres pertes non parasitaires. Une analyse plus fine incluant l’effet rĂ©gion et l’impact sur le rendement devra ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©e

    Effect of the temporal succession of plant resources at the landscape scale on drosophila communities : Case study in wine agrosystem following the invasion by Drosophila suzukii.

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    Drosophila suzukii est une espĂšce invasive, originaire d'Asie, qui a connu une expansion trĂšs rapide depuis son introduction en 2008 en Europe. Cette espĂšce pose de sĂ©rieux problĂšmes Ă©cologiques et agronomiques en s’attaquant Ă  de nombreuses plantes hĂŽtes non-cultivĂ©es ou cultivĂ©es comme le raisin. Elle est maintenant prĂ©sente dans la communautĂ© des Drosophilidae que l'on retrouve dans les paysages viticoles. Cette communautĂ© de drosophiles reste largement mĂ©connue et aucune Ă©tude n'a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e jusqu'Ă  prĂ©sent pour la caractĂ©riser. Nous manquons Ă©galement de donnĂ©es sur les effets de la fragmentation des ressources (sites d’hivernation, abris et ressources alimentaires), dans l’espace et dans le temps, sur les dynamiques de populations de D. suzukii dans l'agrosystĂšme viticole. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  toutes ces lacunes, nous avons mis en place une Ă©tude observationnelle reposant sur un rĂ©seau de vingt parcelles de vigne localisĂ©es dans le vignoble de Bordeaux le long de diffĂ©rents gradients de continuitĂ© spatiale des ressources. Nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©valuer 1) l'effet de la composition du paysage sur la structure de la communautĂ© de Drosophilidae dans les paysages viticoles, 2) la dynamique temporelle de D. suzukii sur les diffĂ©rentes espĂšces de plantes hĂŽtes sauvages prĂ©sentes dans le paysage, et 3) l'effet de la distribution spatiale et temporelle des ressources alimentaires sur les niveaux de populations du ravageur. Dans ce travail, nous avons montrĂ© que les abondances des diffĂ©rentes espĂšces de drosophiles retrouvĂ©es dans les vignes, et non leur richesse spĂ©cifique, dĂ©pendent positivement de la proportion d'habitat semi-naturel dans le paysage environnant. Nous avons mis en Ă©vidence une diffĂ©rentiation temporelle entre les deux espĂšces dominantes de cette communautĂ©, Drosophila subobscura en hiver et D. suzukii en Ă©tĂ© et en automne. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© la dynamique temporelle de D. suzukii sur cinq fruits de plantes hĂŽtes prĂ©sentent dans le paysage (gui, cerise, sureau noir, mĂ»re sauvage et raisin) qui assurent une continuitĂ© temporelle des ressources alimentaires Ă  l’échelle de l’annĂ©e. NĂ©anmoins, nos travaux montrent que la prise en compte de la distribution spatiale et temporelle de ces ressources alimentaires dans le paysage n’amĂ©liore pas les qualitĂ©s prĂ©dictives du modĂšle statistique cherchant Ă  prĂ©dire les niveaux de population de l'insecte sur la base de l’occupation des sols autour des parcelles viticoles. Ce travail a permis de dĂ©montrer qu'un ravageur invasif, qui intĂšgre une communautĂ© d'insectes natifs, peut s'implanter dans l'habitat sauvage en bordure de parcelles agricoles d'une rĂ©gion donnĂ©e en passant sur diffĂ©rentes ressources au cours de son cycle biologique avant de s'attaquer Ă  la plante cultivĂ©e. Ces approches d'Ă©cologie du paysage reprĂ©sentent des leviers intĂ©ressants pour comprendre la dynamique des populations d'une nouvelle espĂšce invasive et permettre ainsi une Ă©ventuelle dĂ©finition de zones favorables Ă  son abondance.Drosophila suzukii is an invasive species, native to Asia, which has expanded very rapidly since its introduction in 2008 in Europe. This species poses serious ecological and agronomic problems by attacking the fruits of many non-cultivated or cultivated host plants such as grapes. It is now present in the Drosophilidae community found in wine-growing landscapes. This drosophila community remains largely unknown and no studies have been carried out so far to characterise it. We also lack data on the effects of resource fragmentation (wintering sites, shelter and food resources), in space and time, on the population dynamics of D. suzukii in the wine-growing agrosystem. To address all these shortcomings, we set up an observational study based on a network of twenty vineyard plots located in the Bordeaux vineyard along different gradients of spatial continuity of resources. We sought to assess 1) the effect of landscape composition on the structure of the Drosophilidae community in vineyard landscapes, 2) the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on the fruits of different wild host plant species present in the landscape, and 3) the effect of the spatial and temporal distribution of food resources on the pest's population levels. In this work, we showed that the abundance of the different species of fruit flies found in vineyards, and not their species richness, is positively dependent on the proportion of semi-natural habitat in the surrounding landscape. We highlighted a temporal differentiation between the two dominant species of this community, Drosophila subobscura in winter and D. suzukii in summer and autumn. Furthermore, we characterised the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on five fruits of host plants present in the landscape (mistletoe, cherry, black elder, wild blackberry and grape) which ensure temporal continuity of food resources on a year-round scale. Nevertheless, our work shows that taking into account the spatial and temporal distribution of these food resources in the landscape does not improve the predictive qualities of the statistical model seeking to predict the insect's population levels on the basis of land use around the vineyard plots. This work has demonstrated that an invasive pest, which integrates a native insect community, can establish itself in the wild habitat at the edge of agricultural plots in a given region by passing over different resources during its life cycle before attacking the cultivated plant. These landscape ecology approaches represent interesting levers for understanding the population dynamics of a new invasive species and thus enable the possible definition of areas favourable to its abundance

    Effet de la succession temporelle des ressources vĂ©gĂ©tales Ă  l’échelle des paysages sur les communautĂ©s de drosophiles : Cas d’étude en agrosystĂšme viticole suite Ă  l'invasion par Drosophila suzukii

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    Drosophila suzukii is an invasive species, native to Asia, which has expanded very rapidly since its introduction in 2008 in Europe. This species poses serious ecological and agronomic problems by attacking the fruits of many non-cultivated or cultivated host plants such as grapes. It is now present in the Drosophilidae community found in wine-growing landscapes. This drosophila community remains largely unknown and no studies have been carried out so far to characterise it. We also lack data on the effects of resource fragmentation (wintering sites, shelter and food resources), in space and time, on the population dynamics of D. suzukii in the wine-growing agrosystem. To address all these shortcomings, we set up an observational study based on a network of twenty vineyard plots located in the Bordeaux vineyard along different gradients of spatial continuity of resources. We sought to assess 1) the effect of landscape composition on the structure of the Drosophilidae community in vineyard landscapes, 2) the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on the fruits of different wild host plant species present in the landscape, and 3) the effect of the spatial and temporal distribution of food resources on the pest's population levels. In this work, we showed that the abundance of the different species of fruit flies found in vineyards, and not their species richness, is positively dependent on the proportion of semi-natural habitat in the surrounding landscape. We highlighted a temporal differentiation between the two dominant species of this community, Drosophila subobscura in winter and D. suzukii in summer and autumn. Furthermore, we characterised the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on five fruits of host plants present in the landscape (mistletoe, cherry, black elder, wild blackberry and grape) which ensure temporal continuity of food resources on a year-round scale. Nevertheless, our work shows that taking into account the spatial and temporal distribution of these food resources in the landscape does not improve the predictive qualities of the statistical model seeking to predict the insect's population levels on the basis of land use around the vineyard plots. This work has demonstrated that an invasive pest, which integrates a native insect community, can establish itself in the wild habitat at the edge of agricultural plots in a given region by passing over different resources during its life cycle before attacking the cultivated plant. These landscape ecology approaches represent interesting levers for understanding the population dynamics of a new invasive species and thus enable the possible definition of areas favourable to its abundance.Drosophila suzukii est une espĂšce invasive, originaire d'Asie, qui a connu une expansion trĂšs rapide depuis son introduction en 2008 en Europe. Cette espĂšce pose de sĂ©rieux problĂšmes Ă©cologiques et agronomiques en s’attaquant Ă  de nombreuses plantes hĂŽtes non-cultivĂ©es ou cultivĂ©es comme le raisin. Elle est maintenant prĂ©sente dans la communautĂ© des Drosophilidae que l'on retrouve dans les paysages viticoles. Cette communautĂ© de drosophiles reste largement mĂ©connue et aucune Ă©tude n'a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e jusqu'Ă  prĂ©sent pour la caractĂ©riser. Nous manquons Ă©galement de donnĂ©es sur les effets de la fragmentation des ressources (sites d’hivernation, abris et ressources alimentaires), dans l’espace et dans le temps, sur les dynamiques de populations de D. suzukii dans l'agrosystĂšme viticole. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  toutes ces lacunes, nous avons mis en place une Ă©tude observationnelle reposant sur un rĂ©seau de vingt parcelles de vigne localisĂ©es dans le vignoble de Bordeaux le long de diffĂ©rents gradients de continuitĂ© spatiale des ressources. Nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©valuer 1) l'effet de la composition du paysage sur la structure de la communautĂ© de Drosophilidae dans les paysages viticoles, 2) la dynamique temporelle de D. suzukii sur les diffĂ©rentes espĂšces de plantes hĂŽtes sauvages prĂ©sentes dans le paysage, et 3) l'effet de la distribution spatiale et temporelle des ressources alimentaires sur les niveaux de populations du ravageur. Dans ce travail, nous avons montrĂ© que les abondances des diffĂ©rentes espĂšces de drosophiles retrouvĂ©es dans les vignes, et non leur richesse spĂ©cifique, dĂ©pendent positivement de la proportion d'habitat semi-naturel dans le paysage environnant. Nous avons mis en Ă©vidence une diffĂ©rentiation temporelle entre les deux espĂšces dominantes de cette communautĂ©, Drosophila subobscura en hiver et D. suzukii en Ă©tĂ© et en automne. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© la dynamique temporelle de D. suzukii sur cinq fruits de plantes hĂŽtes prĂ©sentent dans le paysage (gui, cerise, sureau noir, mĂ»re sauvage et raisin) qui assurent une continuitĂ© temporelle des ressources alimentaires Ă  l’échelle de l’annĂ©e. NĂ©anmoins, nos travaux montrent que la prise en compte de la distribution spatiale et temporelle de ces ressources alimentaires dans le paysage n’amĂ©liore pas les qualitĂ©s prĂ©dictives du modĂšle statistique cherchant Ă  prĂ©dire les niveaux de population de l'insecte sur la base de l’occupation des sols autour des parcelles viticoles. Ce travail a permis de dĂ©montrer qu'un ravageur invasif, qui intĂšgre une communautĂ© d'insectes natifs, peut s'implanter dans l'habitat sauvage en bordure de parcelles agricoles d'une rĂ©gion donnĂ©e en passant sur diffĂ©rentes ressources au cours de son cycle biologique avant de s'attaquer Ă  la plante cultivĂ©e. Ces approches d'Ă©cologie du paysage reprĂ©sentent des leviers intĂ©ressants pour comprendre la dynamique des populations d'une nouvelle espĂšce invasive et permettre ainsi une Ă©ventuelle dĂ©finition de zones favorables Ă  son abondance

    Data from: Grape moth density in Bordeaux vineyards depends on local habitat management despite effects of landscape heterogeneity on their biological control

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    1. Biological control of crop pests is a major ecosystem service affected by several variables acting at multiple spatial scales. Among these variables, heterogeneity at the habitat and landscape scales are known key drivers of trophic interactions and pest density in agroecosystems. However, studies that try to disentangle their relative effects in perennial cropping systems are scarce and nothing is known about their impacts on insect pest density and pesticide applications. 2. We examined the effect of heterogeneity at these two scales on grape moths, one of the most damaging insect pests in European vineyards, and their biological control in 20 vineyards during three consecutive years. We used local vegetation management and the proportion of semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape as proxies of heterogeneity at the habitat and landscape scales. Grape moth density was measured over time, as well as biological control services provided by different groups: birds, invertebrate predators, parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi. 3. Over the 3 years, grape moth density was mainly determined by local heterogeneity, with significantly fewer larvae of the first generation established in vineyards with full compared to partial grass cover. 4. Despite these effects, biological control of grape moths was not primarily affected by local vegetation management but by landscape heterogeneity, and the direction of this effect varied over time. Notably, predation by birds increased with landscape heterogeneity in spring, depending on local vegetation management, while attacks by pathogenic fungi decreased with landscape heterogeneity during winter. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that bottom-up processes related to habitat heterogeneity drive grape moth occurrence much more than top-down processes. These results have important implications for the ecological intensification of vineyard landscapes. We found that maintaining full grass cover within vineyards reduced grape moth density to a level below common intervention thresholds. Landscape heterogeneity in the close vicinity of vineyards contributed to improved biological pest control by birds, but depended on local vegetation management. Moreover, opposing effects of landscape management on biological pest control services over time revealed that strategies based only on manipulating landscape heterogeneity might not be the optimal option to limit grape moth density in vineyards

    Mating patterns of the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in sympatric and allopatric populations.

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    15 pagesInternational audiencePhytophagous insects have been at the heart of investigations of ecological speciation, and it is clear that adaptation to different host plant species can promote host race formation and insect speciation. However, the evolution of host races has typically been studied at the plant species scale, using sympatric populations of insects that are specialized on particular plant species. Because many crop pest species are adapted to various plant varieties selected from a single plant species, it is of interest to establish whether reproductive barriers could evolve at this much smaller geographical scale, between individuals exploiting different plant varieties. To assess this we evaluated premating and postmating prezygotic barriers among sympatric populations of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana originated from different cultivars of the same plant species (Vitis vinifera), and between allopatric populations originated from different geographical sites. We found weak reproductive isolation for sympatric populations of L. botrana, but marked reproductive isolation among allopatric populations. In sympatric populations, the only effect was on the latency period prior to mating, which was longer for heterotypic partners that originated from different cultivars than for homotypic partners originated from the same cultivar. In allopatric populations, reproductive isolation was evident in both premating barriers and postmating prezygotic barriers. In summary, we did not find any trend for sympatric host race formation in L. botrana, but the occurrence of non-random mating patterns between different allopatric populations suggests the beginning of reproductive isolation, which could lead to the evolution of cryptic species of L. botrana

    Organic farming and host density affect parasitism rates of tortricid moths in vineyards

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    Natural pest control by predators and parasitoids is an important ecosystem service supporting crop production. It is now well known that the proportion of semi-natural habitats as well as organic farming enhance abundance and species richness of natural enemies in agroecosystems. However, few studies have examined how these environmental variables affect natural pest control services. Moreover, most studies have been performed in annual cropping systems and almost nothing is known about the effect of landscape complexity and organic farming in perennial crops, which differ greatly from annual ones in terms of disturbance regimes. In this study, we analyzed how landscape composition and farming systems affect abundance of insect pests of grape and their parasitism rates in 79 vineyards in southwestern France. Our results show that farming systems and host density affect biological control of tortricid moths by their parasitoids. Surprisingly, organic fields had lower parasitism rates compared to conventional ones and this rate was negatively correlated to host density at the field scale. We also found that moth community composition depended on the proportion of grapevine crop in the landscape in a 1 km radius but that pest abundance and parasitism rates did not change with landscape complexity. Our results suggest that some farming practices that are frequent in organic farming, such as organic-certified insecticides, copper or sulfur, can reduce parasitoid populations and thus limit biological control in vineyards. Negative density dependence relationship between parasitism rates and host abundance suggest a dilution effect of the biological control potential at the landscape scale and potential mechanisms such as variable parasitoid population sizes, relatively limited female longevity or fecundity, as well as increase in handling time. Further research on the effect of organic and conventional farming practices are now needed to provide a more mechanistic understanding of how these agricultural practices shape ecological processes such as biological control of pests

    First occurence of Drosophila Suzukii in the Sauternes vineyards

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    Objectif : Ce travail signale la prĂ©sence d’une nouvelle espĂšce de drosophile dans le vignoble aquitain de Sauternes : Drosophila suzukii. MĂ©thodes et rĂ©sultats : Des drosophiles ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es, dans deux domaines viticoles du Sauternais, au moment des vendanges 2011, par piĂ©geage alimentaire Ă  base de mĂ©lasse de pomme. Les dĂ©terminations ont conduit Ă  la dĂ©tection de l’espĂšce invasive D. suzukii. Des grappes mĂ»res ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©es dans les deux localitĂ©s, mais aucune Ă©mergence de cette espĂšce n’a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©e. Dans les piĂšges et les grappes, la communautĂ© des drosophiles Ă©tait dominĂ©e par D. melanogaster. Conclusion : D. suzukii est prĂ©sente dans l’agrosystĂšme viticole sans toutefois occasionner de dĂ©gĂąts remarquĂ©s en 2011. Cependant, un suivi rigoureux des populations doit ĂȘtre entrepris. Signification et impact de l’étude : Cette premiĂšre dĂ©tection dans le vignoble bordelais d’une espĂšce de drosophile invasive doit motiver une surveillance de ce possible futur ravageur de baies vertes.Aim: The present work reports the detection of a new fruit fly species in Sauternes vineyards (Aquitaine region, France): Drosophila suzukii. Methods and results: Drosophila were collected in two Sauternes vineyards, at the beginning of the harvest time in 2011, using food traps with apple molasses baits. The surveys led to the detection of the invasive species D. suzukii. In addition, rotting bunches were randomly taken in each vineyard but no D. suzukii emerged from them. The Drosophila community found in traps and on bunches was dominated by D. melanogaster. Conclusion: D. suzukii, although present in the vineyard agroecosystem of Sauternes, did not cause any noticeable damage in 2011. However, population monitoring should be continued. Significance and impact of the study: This first occurrence report of the invasive species D. suzukii in the Bordeaux vineyard should motivate further surveys of this potential pest of green berries
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