The ring around SN1987A

Stars in the 9-40 solar mass range play a prominent role in the hydrodynamical and chemical evolution of galaxies. Their stellar winds and supernova explosions are believed to create the hot component of the interstellar medium (ISM). In some galactic disks, the kiloparsec sized super bubbles formed around clusters of massive stars may blow out of the disk plane and release hot, metal enriched gas into the galaxy's halo. Additionally, the expanding shock front of a super bubble in the disk may trigger additional star formation. Furthermore, similar processes probably drive the galactic winds associated with star burst nuclei that enrich the intracluster and intergalactic mediums. Nonetheless, the explosion of a blue super giant in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), SN1987A, illuminated the incompleteness of our understanding of massive stars. Evolutionary models of massive stars do not synthesize the observed super giant populations in either the Milky Way or LMC. Our modeling of the formation of SN1987A's ring will improve our knowledge of both the post-main-sequence evolution of massive stars and their coupling to the ISM in galaxies

Evaluation of an exercise field test using heart rate monitors to assess cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate recovery in an asymptomatic population.

PurposeMeasures of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and heart rate recovery (HRR) can improve risk stratification for cardiovascular disease, but these measurements are rarely made in asymptomatic individuals due to cost. An exercise field test (EFT) to assess CRF and HRR would be an inexpensive method for cardiovascular disease risk assessment in large populations. This study assessed 1) the predictive accuracy of a 12-minute run/walk EFT for estimating CRF ([Formula: see text]) and 2) the accuracy of HRR measured after an EFT using a heart rate monitor (HRM) in an asymptomatic population.MethodsFifty subjects (48% women) ages 18-45 years completed a symptom-limited exercise tolerance test (ETT) (Bruce protocol) and an EFT on separate days. During the ETT, [Formula: see text] was measured by a metabolic cart, and heart rate was measured continuously by a HRM and a metabolic cart.ResultsEFT distance and sex independently predicted[Formula: see text]. The average absolute difference between observed and predicted [Formula: see text] was 0.26 ± 3.27 ml·kg-1·min-1 for our model compared to 7.55 ± 3.64 ml·kg-1·min-1 for the Cooper model. HRM HRR data were equivalent to respective metabolic cart values during the ETT. HRR at 1 minute post-exercise during ETT compared to the EFT had a moderate correlation (r=0.75, p<0.001).ConclusionA more accurate model to estimate CRF from a 12-minute run/walk EFT was developed, and HRR can be measured using a HRM in an asymptomatic population outside of clinical settings

Neoarchean Mantle-derived Magmatism within the Repulse Bay Block, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut: Implications for Archean Crustal Extraction and Cratonization

SUMMARYThe Repulse Bay block (RBb) of the southern Melville Peninsula, Nunavut, lies within the Rae craton and exposes a large (50,000 km2) area of middle to lower crust. The block is composed of ca. 2.86 Ga and 2.73–2.71 Ga tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and granitic gneiss that was derived from an older 3.25 and 3.10 Ga crustal substrate. This period of crustal generation was followed by the emplacement of ca. 2.69–2.66 Ga enderbite, charnockite, and granitoid intrusions with entrained websterite xenoliths. These voluminous batholith-scale bodies (dehydrated and hydrated intrusions), and the associated websterite xenoliths, have similar whole rock geochemical properties, including fractionated light rare earth element (LREE)–heavy (H)REE whole rock patterns and negative Nb, Ti, and Ta anomalies. Dehydrated intrusions and websterite xenoliths also contain similar mineralogy (two pyroxene, biotite, interstitial amphibole) and similar pyroxene trace element compositions. Based on geochemical and mineralogical properties, the two lithologies are interpreted to be related by fractional crystallization, and to be the product of a magmatic cumulate processes. Reworking of the crust in a ca. 2.72 Ga subduction zone setting was followed by ca. 2.69 Ga upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle and the intrusion of massif-type granitoid plutons. Based on a dramatic increase in FeO, Zr, Hf, and LREE content of the most evolved granitoid components from the 2.69–2.66 Ga cumulate intrusion, we propose that those granitoid plutons were in part derived from a metasomatized mantle source enriched by fluids from the subducting oceanic slab that underwent further hybridization (via assimilation) with the crust. Large-scale, mantle-derived Neoarchean sanukitoid-type magmatism played a role in the development of a depleted lower crust and residual sub-continental lithospheric mantle, a crucial element in the preservation of the RBb.RÉSUMÉLe bloc de Repulse Bay (RBb) dans le sud de la péninsule de Melville, au Nunavut, est situé dans le craton de Rae et expose une large zone (50 000 km2) de croûte moyenne à inférieur. Ce bloc est composé de tonalite-trondhjémite-granodiorite (TTG) daté à ca. 2,86 Ga et 2,73–2,71 Ga, et de gneiss granitique dérivé d’un substrat crustal plus ancien daté à 3,25 Ga et 3,10 Ga. Cette période de croissance crustale a été suivie par la mise en place entre ca. 2,69 et 2,66 Ga d’intrusions d’enderbite, charnockite et de granitoïde incluant des xénolites d’entraînement de websterite. Ces intrusions de taille batholitique (intrusions déshydratées et hydratées) ainsi que les xénolites d’entraînement de websterite associés, ont des propriétés géochimiques sur roche totale semblables notamment leurs profils de fractionnement des terres rares légers (LREE) et des terres rares lourds (HREE) ainsi que leurs anomalies négatives en Nb, Ti et Ta. Les intrusions déshydratées et les xénolites de websterite ont aussi des minéralogies similaires (deux pyroxènes, biotite, amphibole interstitielle) ainsi que des compositions semblables en éléments traces de leurs pyroxènes. Étant donné leurs propriétés géochimiques et minéralogiques, ces deux lithologies sont interprétées comme provenant d’une cristallisation fractionnée, et comme étant le produit de processus d'accumulations magmatiques. Le remaniement de la croûte dans un contexte de subduction vers ca. 2,72 Ga, a été suivi vers ca. 2,69 Ga d’une remontée du manteau asthénosphérique et de l’intrusion de granitoïdes de type massif. D'après l’importante augmentation en FeO, Zr, Hf et LREE dans les granitoïdes les plus évolués du magmatisme ayant pris place entre ca. 2,69 Ga et 2,66 Ga, nous proposons que ces plutons aient été en partie dérivés d’une source mantélique métasomatisée enrichies par des fluides d’une plaque océanique en subduction et qui a subi une hybridation supplémentaire (par assimilation) avec la croûte. Le magmatisme néo-archéen de type sanukitoïde, dérivé du manteau et de grande échelle, a joué un rôle dans le développement d’une croûte inférieure et d’un manteau lithosphérique continental résiduel appauvri, un élément déterminant pour la préservation du RBb

Towards a Philosophy of Language Management

Over the past twenty years, in a number of different domains, I have been preoccupied by the relationship between content and language. Finding myself the editor of a family of general encyclopedias in the late 1980s brought an encounter with "knowledge" which had to be integrated with my professional linguistic concerns. This has since developed to include issues in document classification, search, e-commerce, and Internet security. Other directions of integration emerged in higher education, notably the need for a synergy between linguistic and cultural studies and between language and literature. And accompanying all this has been a major change in public attitudes to language, following the reaction against institutionalized linguistic prescriptivism and the evolution of a fresh understanding of the relationship between standard and nonstandard language. The varied nature of these examples suggests the need to consider the question of integration at an appropriately general level, and it is this - on analogy with established domains such as the philosophy of science or the philosophy of religion - that the title of my paper is intended to address

Crystal, D. (2018) Sounds Appealing: The Passionate Story of English Pronunciation. London: Profile Books. 296 pp.

Sounds Appealingis the latest of the 100+ books published to this date by the renowned linguist and lecturer, David Crystal. Just as the title claims, it is a story of English pronunciation in all its aspects, related with passion, humour and fascinating insights into its history as well as possible future. It is part of a series of ‘stories’ on the English language which Crystal has published since 2011, namely Making Sense: The Glamorous Story of English Grammar (2017),Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation(2015),Spell it Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling (2012) andThe Story of English in 100 Words (2011).The book contains 31 chapters accompanied by20 panels, nine auditory check tasks (with key) and Appendix with notes on the teaching of pronunciation for teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL). What is perhaps most appealing about the volume is its versatility towards the readers; indeed, those who may enjoy the book range from linguists to members of the general public, students of phonetics as well as lecturers, native speakers along with users of English as a foreign language. Crystal is able to find a perfect balance between the amount of facts, linguistic terminology, references to the doyens in the field of English phonetics, evidence from literary texts, and even popular culture trivia, be it references to films, advertisements, TV shows, singers or politicians.The opening line of the book reads “in the 1980s, I found myself as the ‘voice of language’ on BBC Radio 4” (p. 1), followed by the author’s account of the beginnings of his involvement with the way English is spoken as well as with the BBC. It was the time when numerous local radio stations across Britain started broadcasting and their announcers often spoke in accents that differed from the traditional BBC model; this in return caused a sustained flood of complaints from listeners “expressing concern at what they perceived to be a falling of standards” (ibid.). To help ease the situation and address some of the issues, the BBC approached Crystal, who then wrote a programme called “How dare you talk to me like that” (ibid.), originally planned as a one-off, but which was – eventually – the first of two successive series, running for almost ten years. The one thing the incoming letters from the general public had in common (apart from the actual comments and criticism concerning e.g. the pronunciation of individual sounds and their regional variants, omission of sounds, misplaced word stress or intrusive ‘r’) was the language in which they were written: it was passionate. And so questions like “What is it about pronunciation that produces such a response? Why does pronunciation get to people in a way that other aspects of speech don’t?” (p. 3) are some of those the book is trying to answer.The first chapter deals with the nature of pronunciation and the history of phonetics studies, while Chapter 2 presents the basic concepts and definitions, for instance, phonetic notation, phonemes, minimal pairs and others (pp. 12-16) and introduces some of the most prominent linguists in this field such as Henry Sweet, Paul Passy or Daniel Jones, to name just a few.The segmental level of phonetics is covered in Chapters 3 and 4 (titled The Basic Systemand How Sounds are Made, respectively) where Crystal first explains the division of sounds into vowels and consonants, their numbers in English, the IPA symbol for each of them, etc., and goes on to describe the processes of articulation; to do so he sometimes uses a personal observation or an anecdote, and sometimes a metaphor (such as that about the tongue and lips: “They seem to be performing a beautifully choreographed dance.” (p. 28)), or he provides a tip for YouTube videos. Individual sounds are then dealt with separately, i.e. vowels in Chapters 11-15 and consonants in Chapters 16-20 (each chapter covering one family of consonants according to the manner of their articulation). The treatment of vowels is very thorough, as the author combines the description of their individual properties (i.e. quality, quantity, tongue position and lip movement) and their equivalents in various regional accents across the globe. The reader is thus presented with a much more colourful picture and quite possibly may find an explanation for some peculiar pronunciation they noticed in films, on the Internet or while travelling. The examples are plentiful, with some using puns or playing on humour, such as the case of diphthong substitution in “Devon’s two crame tays” (p. 90) standing for “two cream teas”. Last but not least, Crystal often demonstrates different sound qualities (whether on the articulation or perception level) by quoting from works of literature; we learn that the auditory contrast between close and open vowels is frequently used in nursery rhymes (Jack and Jill), brand names (Kit Kat), or even Shakespeare (pibble-pabble, snip-snap) (all p. 108), that the contrast between close front and close back vowels sounds good in names of characters, cf. /ɑː/ and /i:/ (Charlie Weasley) or /ɪ / and /ʊ / (Lilliput) (p. 109), or that “writers often rely on plosives to give their characters names that are sometimes humorous and sometimes menacing” (p. 123), for instance Dickens’s Jack Bamber, Peggottyor Pip(ibid.). Such details will be most certainly appreciated by many a literature lover.Stress, rhythm, intonation, pauses or speech rate, in other words features of suprasegmental phonology, are introduced in Chapters 5-10, followed by Chapter 21 about the syllable and Chapter 23 about connecting words and linking. Most of these sections of the book are accompanied by panels (inserted text, photographs, copies of newspaper clippings and others), for example, on p. 49 we find a short entry called Uptalk? to complement Chapter 6 on intonation, or the section on word stress is followed up by Laboratory or lavatory? (pp. 60-62), which is a copy of a document from the year 1929, Broadcast English: Recommendations to announcers regarding certain words of doubtful pronunciation, containing 333 words and published by the BBC for its employees.As mentioned previously, accents and regional varieties are referred to in individual chapters dealing with both vowels and consonants, but they are also treated separately in Chapter 24 Accents Welcomeand Chapter 25 Being Accommodating; the former is supplemented with a delightful panel Myths about Accents, wherewe find corrections of various media stories, such as that “the Liverpool accent is the result of mists and fog in the River Mersey […], causing colds and nasal catarrh, which led to its characteristic adenoidal twang” (p. 202) or that “the Australian accent arose because the first convict settlers were regularly drunk, resulting in many so-called ‘lazy’ diphthongs, such as the /aɪ/ sound in words like day” (pp. 202-203). As Crystal puts it, “such explanations spread because they are simple and easy to understand. But none of them stand up to examination” (p. 203).To conclude, Sounds Appealingwill definitely sound appealing to a great number of readers, whatever their academic or linguistic backgrounds, and has proved yet again that David Crystal – apart from being a linguist, writer, editor, lecturer and broadcaster – is an indefatigable campaigner for the popularization of English language studies. Irena Headlandová Kalischov

Acute and chronic effects of multivitamin/mineral supplementation on objective and subjective energy measures

Background: Vitamins and minerals play an essential role within many cellular processes including energy production and metabolism. Previously, supplementation with a multivitamin/mineral (MVM) for ≥28 days resulted in improvements to cognition and subjective state. We have also demonstrated shifts in metabolism during cognitively demanding tasks following MVM in females, both acutely and following 8-week supplementation. The current study aimed to assess these effects further in males and females using metabolically challenging exercise and cognitive tasks. Methods: The current randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel groups study investigated the effects of a MVM complex in 82 healthy young (18-35y) exercisers. Subjective ratings and substrate metabolism were assessed during 30 min each of increasingly effortful incremental exercise and demanding cognitive tasks. Assessments took place on acute study days following a single dose (Day 1) of MVM, containing 3 times recommended daily allowance of water-soluble vitamins plus CoQ10, and following 4-week supplementation (Day 28). Results: Energy expenditure (EE) was increased during cognitive tasks following MVM across Day 1 and Day 28, with greater effects in males. In males, MVM also increased carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure during exercise across Day 1 and Day 28. In females, mental tiredness was lower during exercise; increases in physical tiredness following 30 min of exercise were attenuated; and stress ratings following cognitive tasks were reduced following MVM. In males, MVM only lowered mental tiredness following 10 min of exercise. These effects were apparent irrespective of day, but effects on mental tiredness were greater on Day 28. Ferritin levels were also higher on Day 28 in those receiving MVM. Conclusion: These findings extend on existing knowledge, demonstrating increased carbohydrate oxidation and increased energy expenditure in males following MVM supplementation for the first time. Importantly, they show modulation of energy expenditure and subjective tiredness following a single dose, providing further evidence for acute effects of MVM. Differential effects in men and women suggest that sex may play an important role in the effects of MVM on energy metabolism and should be considered in future research. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03003442. Registered 22nd November 2016 – retrospectively registere

The joy of txt:young people: how does texting affects their use of language

The renowned linguist David Crystal, Emmeritus Professor at the University of Wales, in this interview to Mike Pilewski, provides answers to crucial questions on the technologies’ impacts on our language. Banishing every kind of alarmism, he regards that youths and adults read when they are in front of the computer screen. Furthermore, when young people send their text messages, in fact they are writing. They would be unable to do it if they had not acquired a relative domain of orthography. As this technology is recent, it is too early to draw conclusions on their impacts on language, in particular to reach cathastrophic inferences.- A alegria de escrever mensagens de texto. Jovens: em que medida escrever mansagens de texto afeta o seu uso da linguagem? Nesta entrevista a Mike Pilewski, o renomado linguista David Crystal, Professor Emérito da Universidade de Gales, responde a questões cruciais sobre como a tecnologia afeta a nossa linguagem. Ele afasta o alarmismo e considera que, diante da tela de um computador, jovens e adultos estão a ler, nada menos que ler, ler e ler. Quando os jovens enviam as suas mensagens, na verdade estão a escrever, o que pressupõe indispensáveis conhecimentos de ortografia. Como a tecnologia é recente, ainda é cedo para tirar conclusões, menos ainda catastróficas

A thematic analysis of the prevention of future deaths reports in healthcare from HM coroners in England and Wales 2016–2019

Background The Coroners and Justice Act allows coroners in England or Wales to issue reports after inquest, if they believe that action should be taken to prevent a future death. Coroners are under a statutory duty to issue a Prevention of Future Death (PFD) report to persons or organisations that they believe have the power to act. Cumulatively, these reports may contain useful intelligence for patient safety. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of extracting data from these reports and to evaluate if learning was possible from any common themes. Methods Reports were extracted from 2016 to 2019 for deaths in hospitals, care homes and the community in England and Wales. These were subjected to descriptive statistics and thematic analysis of coroner’s concerns. Application of data mining techniques was not possible due to data quality. Results 710 reports were examined, with 3469 concerns being raised (mean 4.88, range 1–33). 36 reports expressed concern about having to issue repeat PFDs to the same organisation for the same or similar concerns. Thematic analysis reliability was high ( κ 0.89 unweighted) with five emerging primary themes: deficit in skill or knowledge, missed, delayed or uncoordinated care, communication and cultural issues, systems issues and lack of resources. A codebook of 53 subthemes were identified. Conclusions PFD reports offer valuable insight. Aggregation and continued analysis of these reports could offer more informed patient safety, workforce development and organisational policy. Improved data quality would allow for possible automation of analysis and faster feedback into practice

Evidence for Ubiquitous Collimated Galactic-Scale Outflows along the Star-Forming Sequence at z~0.5

We present an analysis of the MgII 2796, 2803 and FeII 2586, 2600 absorption line profiles in individual spectra of 105 galaxies at 0.3<z<1.4. The galaxies, drawn from redshift surveys of the GOODS fields and the Extended Groth Strip, fully sample the range in star formation rates (SFRs) occupied by the star-forming sequence with stellar masses log M_*/M_sun > 9.5 at 0.3<z<0.7. Using the Doppler shifts of the MgII and FeII absorption lines as tracers of cool gas kinematics, we detect large-scale winds in 66+/-5% of the galaxies. HST/ACS imaging and our spectral analysis indicate that the outflow detection rate depends primarily on galaxy orientation: winds are detected in ~89% of galaxies having inclinations (i) <30 degrees (face-on), while the wind detection rate is only ~45% in objects having i>50 degrees (edge-on). Combined with the comparatively weak dependence of the wind detection rate on intrinsic galaxy properties, this suggests that biconical outflows are ubiquitous in normal, star-forming galaxies at z~0.5. We find that the wind velocity is correlated with host galaxy M_* at 3.4-sigma significance, while the equivalent width of the flow is correlated with host galaxy SFR at 3.5-sigma significance, suggesting that hosts with higher SFR may launch more material into outflows and/or generate a larger velocity spread for the absorbing clouds. Assuming that the gas is launched into dark matter halos with simple, isothermal density profiles, the wind velocities measured for the bulk of the cool material (~200-400 km/s) are sufficient to enable escape from the halo potentials only for the lowest-M_* systems in the sample. However, the outflows typically carry sufficient energy to reach distances of >50 kpc, and may therefore be a viable source of cool material for the massive circumgalactic medium observed around bright galaxies at z~0. [abridged]Comment: Submitted to ApJ. 61 pages, 25 figures, 4 tables, 4 appendices. Uses emulateapj forma