4,416 research outputs found
Sub-arcsecond SMA observations of the prototype Class 0 object VLA1623 at 1.3 mm: A single protostar with a structured outflow cavity ?
We present 1.3-mm subarcsecond SMA observations of the prototypical Class 0
protostar VLA1623. We report the detection of 1.3-mm continuum emission both
from the central protostellar component VLA1623 and two additional sources,
Knot-A and Knot-B, which have been already detected at longer wavelengths.
Knot-A and Knot-B are both located along the western cavity wall opened by the
protostellar outflow from VLA1623. Our SMA observations moreover show that
these two continuum sources are associated with bright, high-velocity 12CO(2-1)
emission, slightly shifted downstream of the outflow propagation direction with
respect to the 1.3-mm continuum emission peaks. The alignment of Knot-A and
Knot-B along the protostellar outflow cavity, the compactness of their 1.3-mm
continuum emission and the properties of the associated CO emission suggest
that these two sources trace outflow features due to shocks along the cavity
wall, rather than protostellar objects. While it was considered as one of the
best examples of a close protobinary system so far, the present analysis
suggests that the prototypical Class 0, VLA1623, is single on the scales a>100
AU probed by our SMA observations. Moreover, we present here the second robust
case of compact millimeter continuum emission produced by interactions between
the protostellar jet and the envelope of a Class 0 protostar, which suggests a
high occurrence of these outflow features during the embedded phase.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Low
resolution figure
The Extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays
Experimental results from Haverah Park, Yakutsk, AGASA and Fly's Eye are
reviewed. All these experiments work in the energy range above 0.1 EeV. The
'dip' structure around 3 EeV in the energy spectrum is well established by all
the experiments, though the exact position differs slightly. Fly's Eye and
Yakutsk results on the chemical composition indicate that the cosmic rays are
getting lighter over the energy range from 0.1 EeV to 10 EeV, but the exact
fraction is hadronic interaction model dependent, as indicated by the AGASA
analysis. The arrival directions of cosmic rays are largely isotropic, but
interesting features may be starting to emerge. Most of the experimental
results can best be explained with the scenario that an extragalactic component
gradually takes over a galactic population as energy increases and cosmic rays
at the highest energies are dominated by particles coming from extragalactic
space. However, identification of the extragalactic sources has not yet been
successful because of limited statistics and the resolution of the data.Comment: The review paper including 21 figures. 39 pages: To be published in
Journal of Physics
Calculation of AGARD Wing 445.6 Flutter Using Navier-Stokes Aerodynamics
An unsteady, 3D, implicit upwind Euler/Navier-Stokes algorithm is here used to compute the flutter characteristics of Wing 445.6, the AGARD standard aeroelastic configuration for dynamic response, with a view to the discrepancy between Euler characteristics and experimental data. Attention is given to effects of fluid viscosity, structural damping, and number of structural model nodes. The flutter characteristics of the wing are determined using these unsteady generalized aerodynamic forces in a traditional V-g analysis. The V-g analysis indicates that fluid viscosity has a significant effect on the supersonic flutter boundary for this wing
Jingoism, Public Opinion, and the New Imperialism:Newspapers and imperial rivalries at the fin de siècle
WormBase: a multi-species resource for nematode biology and genomics
WormBase (http://www.wormbase.org/) is the central data repository for information about Caenorhabditis elegans and related nematodes. As a model organism database, WormBase extends beyond the genomic sequence, integrating experimental results with extensively annotated views of the genome. The WormBase Consortium continues to expand the biological scope and utility of WormBase with the inclusion of large-scale genomic analyses, through active data and literature curation, through new analysis and visualization tools, and through refinement of the user interface. Over the past year, the nearly complete genomic sequence and comparative analyses of the closely related species Caenorhabditis briggsae have been integrated into WormBase, including gene predictions, ortholog assignments and a new synteny viewer to display the relationships between the two species. Extensive site-wide refinement of the user interface now provides quick access to the most frequently accessed resources and a consistent browsing experience across the site. Unified single-page views now provide complete summaries of commonly accessed entries like genes. These advances continue to increase the utility of WormBase for C.elegans researchers, as well as for those researchers exploring problems in functional and comparative genomics in the context of a powerful genetic system
Systematic review and meta-analysis of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among Ph.D. students
Abstract University administrators and mental health clinicians have raised concerns about depression and anxiety among Ph.D. students, yet no study has systematically synthesized the available evidence in this area. After searching the literature for studies reporting on depression, anxiety, and/or suicidal ideation among Ph.D. students, we included 32 articles. Among 16 studies reporting the prevalence of clinically significant symptoms of depression across 23,469 Ph.D. students, the pooled estimate of the proportion of students with depression was 0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18–0.31; I2 = 98.75%). In a meta-analysis of the nine studies reporting the prevalence of clinically significant symptoms of anxiety across 15,626 students, the estimated proportion of students with anxiety was 0.17 (95% CI, 0.12–0.23; I2 = 98.05%). We conclude that depression and anxiety are highly prevalent among Ph.D. students. Data limitations precluded our ability to obtain a pooled estimate of suicidal ideation prevalence. Programs that systematically monitor and promote the mental health of Ph.D. students are urgently needed
A rotating molecular disk toward IRAS 18162-2048, the exciting source of HH 80-81
We present several molecular line emission arcsec and subarcsec observations
obtained with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) in the direction of the massive
protostar IRAS 18162-2048, the exciting source of HH 80-81.
The data clearly indicates the presence of a compact (radius~425-850 AU) SO2
structure, enveloping the more compact (radius~150 AU) 1.4 millimeter dust
emission (reported in a previous paper). The emission spatially coincides with
the position of the prominent thermal radio jet which terminates at the HH
80-81 and HH 80N Herbig-Haro objects. Furthermore, the molecular emission is
elongated in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the thermal radio jet,
suggesting a disk-like structure. We derive a total dynamic mass (disk-like
structure and protostar) of 11-15 msun. The SO2 spectral line data also allow
us to constrain the structure temperature between 120-160 K and the volume
density > 2x10^9 cm-3. We also find that such a rotating flattened system could
be unstable due to gravitational disturbances.
The data from C17O line emission show a dense core within this star-forming
region. Additionally, the H2CO and the SO emissions appear clumpy and trace the
disk-like structure, a possible interaction between a molecular core and the
outflows, and in part, the cavity walls excavated by the thermal radio jet.Comment: 13 pages,11 figures. Accepted in the AJ, 07-15-201
The interactions of winds from massive young stellar objects: X-ray emission, dynamics, and cavity evolution
2D axis-symmetric hydrodynamical simulations are presented which explore the
interaction of stellar and disk winds with surrounding infalling cloud
material. The star, and its accompanying disk, blow winds inside a cavity
cleared out by an earlier jet. The collision of the winds with their
surroundings generates shock heated plasma which reaches temperatures up to
~10^8 K. Attenuated X-ray spectra are calculated from solving the equation of
radiative transfer along lines-of-sight. This process is repeated at various
epochs throughout the simulations to examine the evolution of the intrinsic and
attenuated flux. We find that the dynamic nature of the wind-cavity interaction
fuels intrinsic variability in the observed emission on timescales of several
hundred years. This is principally due to variations in the position of the
reverse shock which is influenced by changes in the shape of the cavity wall.
The collision of the winds with the cavity wall can cause clumps of cloud
material to be stripped away. Mixing of these clumps into the winds mass-loads
the flow and enhances the X-ray emission measure. The position and shape of the
reverse shock plays a key role in determining the strength and hardness of the
X-ray emission. In some models the reverse shock is oblique to much of the
stellar and disk outflows, whereas in others it is closely normal over a wide
range of polar angles. For reasonable stellar and disk wind parameters the
integrated count rate and spatial extent of the intensity peak for X-ray
emission agree with \textit{Chandra} observations of the deeply embedded MYSOs
S106 IRS4, Mon R2 IRS3 A, and AFGL 2591.(abridged)Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Phase II study and biomarker analysis of cetuximab combined with modified FOLFOX6 in advanced gastric cancer
This prospective study was conducted with the Korean Cancer Study Group to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cetuximab combined with modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX6) as first-line treatment in recurrent or metastatic gastric cancer and to identify potential predictive biomarkers. Patients received cetuximab 400 mg m−2 at week 1 and 250 mg m−2 weekly thereafter until disease progression. Oxaliplatin (100 mg m−2) and leucovorin (100 mg m−2) were administered as a 2-h infusion followed by a 46-h continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (2400 mg m−2) every 2 weeks for a maximum of 12 cycles. Biomarkers potentially associated with efficacy were analysed. Among 38 evaluable patients, confirmed response rate (RR) was 50.0% (95% CI 34.1–65.9). Median time-to-progression (TTP) was 5.5 months (95% CI 4.5–6.5) and overall survival (OS) 9.9 months. Eleven patients having tumour EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry with low serum EGF and TGF-α levels showed a 100% RR compared to 37.0% in the remaining 27 patients (P<0.001). Moreover, ligand level increased when disease progressed in seven out of eight patients with EGFR expression and low baseline ligand level. No patient exhibited EGFR amplification or K-ras mutations. Gastric cancer patients with EGFR expression and low ligand levels had better outcomes with cetuximab/mFOLFOX6 treatment
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