The Human Rights at the advisory opinion on nuclear weapons of 1996

En la Opinión Consultiva de 8 de julio de 1996, el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia debía dictaminar sobre si la amenaza o uso de armas nucleares era legal conforme al Derecho Internacional, su resolución supuso un precedente esencial sobre la prevención de los Derechos Humanos como principio del Derecho Internacional. La decisión del Tribunal recordó la importancia de velar por el cumplimiento de los Derechos Humanos a través de la aplicación de sus normas internas. En la presente comunicación se analizará dicha opinión consultiva, sus antecedentes jurisprudenciales y su posterior impacto en las normas del Derecho Internacional.In the Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996, the International Court of Justice was required to decide on whether it was legal the threath or use of nuclear weapons under International Law, its decision supposed an essential precedent concerning the prevention of Human Rights as a principle of International Law. The decision of the Court remembered the importance of ensuring the compliance of the Human Rights by means of the excercise of their internal rules. In this paper will analyse regarding this advisory opinion, its jurisprudential background and its subsequent impact on the rules of International Law.Universidad Pablo de Olavid

Estudio de imagen y posicionamiento del destino Centroamérica en Europa

La investigación que se resume a continuación, ha sido efectuada por el área internacional del departamento de consultoría de la empresa GDT, Asesoramiento Empresarial para la Agencia de Promoción Turística de Centroamérica y la Secretaría de Turismo del Sistema de Integración Centroamericana. El estudio desarrollado ha consistido en la elaboración de un análisis de la imagen del destino Centroamérica como multidestino y multiproducto turístico así como, en particular, la de cada uno de los países que la componen: Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá. Todo ello considerando, tanto la imagen en la mente del consumidor potencial (clientes usuarios de viajes vacacionales de larga distancia), como también la imagen percibida en el canal de comercialización (agencias de viajes y tour operadores). A su vez, dicho estudio se focaliza geográficamente en los mercados emisores de Europa de mayor interés e importancia, hasta la fecha, para el desarrollo turístico regional de Centroamérica, concretamente, en las siguientes ciudades: ‐ España: Madrid y Barcelona ‐ Reino Unido: Londres ‐ Alemania: Frankfurt ‐ Italia: Roma y Milán ‐ Francia: París La metodología utilizada para el análisis ha incorporado técnicas de investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa, destacando las siguientes: ‐ Entrevistas telefónicas en profundidad ‐ Encuestas al canal de comercialización ‐ Encuestas a destinatarios final (1.400 encuestas en los mercados mencionados) ‐ Análisis Delphi ‐ Análisis Web 2.

Neutrino Interactions Importance for Nuclear Physics

We review the general interplay between Nuclear Physics and neutrino-nucleus cross sections at intermediate and high energies. The effects of different reaction mechanisms over the neutrino observables are illustrated with examples in calculations using several nuclear models and ingredients.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt09), Sitges, Spain, 18 - 22 May 200

X-ray Variations at the Orbital Period from Cygnus X-1 in the High/Soft State

Orbital variability has been found in the X-ray hardness of the black hole candidate Cygnus X-1 during the soft/high X-ray state using light curves provided by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer's All Sky Monitor. We are able to set broad limits on how the mass-loss rate and X-ray luminosity vary between the hard and soft states. The folded light curve shows diminished flux in the soft X-ray band at phase 0 (defined as the time of of the superior conjunction of the X-ray source). Models of the orbital variability provide slightly superior fits when the absorbing gas is concentrated in neutral clumps and better explain the strong variability in hardness. In combination with the previously established hard/low state dips, our observations give a lower limit to the mass loss rate in the soft state (Mdot<2x10^{-6} Msun/yr) than the limit in the hard state (Mdot<4x10^{-6} Msun/yr). Without a change in the wind structure between X-ray states, the greater mass-loss rate during the low/hard state would be inconsistent with the increased flaring seen during the high-soft state.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

The Tarantula Nebula as a template for extragalactic star forming regions from VLT/MUSE and HST/STIS

We present VLT/MUSE observations of NGC 2070, the dominant ionizing nebula of 30 Doradus in the LMC, plus HST/STIS spectroscopy of its central star cluster R136. Integral Field Spectroscopy (MUSE) and pseudo IFS (STIS) together provides a complete census of all massive stars within the central 30x30 parsec^2 of the Tarantula. We discuss the integrated far-UV spectrum of R136, of particular interest for UV studies of young extragalactic star clusters. Strong HeII 1640 emission at very early ages (1-2 Myr) from very massive stars cannot be reproduced by current population synthesis models, even those incorporating binary evolution and very massive stars. A nebular analysis of the integrated MUSE dataset implies an age of ~4.5 Myr for NGC 2070. Wolf-Rayet features provide alternative age diagnostics, with the primary contribution to the integrated Wolf-Rayet bumps arising from R140 rather than the more numerous H-rich WN stars in R136. Caution should be used when interpreting spatially extended observations of extragalactic star-forming regions

Theoretical uncertainties on quasielastic charged-current neutrino-nucleus cross sections

We estimate the theoretical uncertainties of the model developed in [J. Nieves, J.E. Amaro, M. Valverde, Phys. Rev. C 70 (2004) 055503] for inclusive quasielastic charged-current neutrino-nucleus reactions at intermediate energies. Besides we quantify the deviations of the predictions of this many body framework from those obtained within a simple Fermi gas model. A special attention has been paid to the ratio sigma(mu)/sigma(e) of interest for experiments on atmospheric neutrinos. We show that uncertainties affecting this ratio are likely smaller than 5%

A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors

We present results of a high angular resolution survey of massive OB stars in the Cygnus OB2 association that we conducted with the Fine Guidance Sensor 1R (FGS1r) on the Hubble Space Telescope. FGS1r is able to resolve binary systems with a magnitude difference delta-V < 4 down to separations as small as 0.01 arcsec. The sample includes 58 of the brighter members of Cyg OB2, one of the closest examples of an environment containing a large number of very young and massive stars. We resolved binary companions for 12 targets and confirmed the triple nature of one other target, and we offer evidence of marginally resolved companions for two additional stars. We confirm the binary nature of 11 of these systems from complementary adaptive optics imaging observations. The overall binary frequency in our study is 22% to 26% corresponding to orbital periods ranging from 20 - 20,000 years. When combined with the known short-period spectroscopic binaries, the results supports the hypothesis that the binary fraction among massive stars is > 60%. One of the new discoveries is a companion to the hypergiant star MT 304 = Cyg OB2-12, and future measurements of orbital motion should provide mass estimates for this very luminous star.Comment: accepted for AJ, 84 pages, 61 figure