Bases génomiques de la divergence adaptative et de la mortalité en mer chez le saumon atlantique (Salmo salar)

L’importance historique du saumon atlantique et son exploitation contemporaine en font une espèce prioritaire en conservation. Cette thèse propose l’atteinte de plusieurs objectifs liés aux différents enjeux de gestion et de conservation touchant l’espèce. De plus, en privilégiant une approche génomique, la mise en évidence des bases génétiques de la divergence adaptative était au cœur de la présente thèse. D’abord, nous avons cherché à évaluer les changements temporels dans la composition génétique d’une population sauvage de saumon atlantique suivant l’introgression de saumon d’élevage. Bien que les résultats n’aient pas montré de changement temporel en termes de richesse allélique ou de diversité génétique, nous avons démontré que cette introgression se traduit par une altération de l’intégrité génétique de la population indigène, incluant une perte possible d’adaptation. Ensuite, nous avons participé au développement et à l’essai d’une biopuce à SNP en réalisant l’étude de génétique des populations la plus détaillée jamais réalisée sur le saumon atlantique. Nos résultats ont révélé trois groupes génétiques régionaux en Europe et des zones de contact secondaire entre ces groupes. Ces zones seraient potentiellement associées à des barrières exogènes et endogènes, ce qui rend l’interprétation équivoque quant à l’influence de l’environnement sur la divergence adaptative. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif suivant de la thèse était d’améliorer notre compréhension des liens entre l’environnement et la divergence génétique des populations. Nos résultats amènent de nouvelles perspectives sur les liens entre la variation environnementale et la divergence génétique neutre et adaptative. Spécifiquement, nous avons montré que le climat et la géologie des rivières étaient significativement associés à la divergence potentiellement adaptative et neutre des populations. Finalement, nous avons cherché à explorer les déterminismes génomiques de la mortalité en mer des saumons atlantiques. Par une méthode novatrice multilocus, nous avons observé un patron de mortalité sélective en mer temporellement répété. Ces résultats supportent l’hypothèse voulant que la sélection cause principalement de petits changements de fréquences alléliques à plusieurs loci covariants plutôt qu’un petit nombre de changements à effet majeur. En somme, cette thèse contribue significativement à l’avancement des connaissances dans plusieurs contextes cruciaux liés à la gestion et la conservation de l’espèce.The historical significance of Atlantic salmon and its contemporary exploitation have made this species a central focus in conservation biology. This thesis addresses a number of questions linked to important challenges for this species’ conservation and management. Moreover, by emphasizing a genomic approach, we aimed to systematically disentangle neutral and adaptive genetic divergence. First, we documented temporal changes in the genetic make up of a wild Atlantic salmon population following introgression from farmed escapees. Although our results did not show any significant temporal changes in allelic richness and gene diversity, introgression has resulted in significant alterations of the genetic integrity of the native population, including a possible loss of adaptation to wild conditions. Then, we participated in the development and testing of a SNP-array and conducted the most extensive population genetic study on Atlantic salmon to date. We found three major regional genetic groups in Europe and secondary contact zones between those groups. These zones were associated with putative endogenous and exogenous barriers, rendering the interpretation of environmental influence on potentially adaptive divergence equivocal. In this context, the next objective was to improve our understanding of links between the environment and genetic divergence of Atlantic salmon populations. Our results provide valuable insight into the links between environmental variation and both neutral and potentially adaptive genetic divergence. In particular, we have shown that climate and geological characteristics were significantly associated with both potentially adaptive and neutral genetic divergence. Finally, we explored the genomic bases for sea mortality of Atlantic salmon. Using a novel multilocus approach, we observed a pattern of genetically-based selective mortality at sea, which was repeated over time. These results support the hypothesis that selection mainly causes small changes in allele frequencies among many co-varying loci rather than a small number of changes in loci with large effects. Overall, this thesis has significantly improved our knowledge of many critical aspects of Atlantic salmon population genetics, which are tightly linked to conservation and management

Microsatellites en génétique des cétacés : application à l’étude des populations de dauphins bleu-et-blanc (Stenella cœruleoalba) de Méditerranée occidentale et de la zone Atlantique proche

De nombreuses espèces de cétacés sont aujourd’hui menacées. La connaissance de leur variabilité génétique intraspécifique sera utile pour leur conservation à long terme. Les microsatellites, marqueurs moléculaires polymorphes de type répété, permettent d’apprécier cette variabilité. Nous présentons un bilan de l’utilisation des microsatellites chez les cétacés. Nous proposons également des conditions expérimentales optimales pour l’amplification de cinq de ces marqueurs, ainsi que leur séquence, chez le dauphin bleu-et-blanc (Stenella cœruleoalba). Puis nous présentons une étude de la structure génétique des populations de S. cœruleoalba en Méditerranée et Atlantique nord. La population méditerranéenne est partiellement isolée, globalement moins variable que la population atlantique (HeMéd = 0,76, HeAtl = 0,83, p < 0,05), et présente des indices qui évoquent une possible subdivision. Ces résultats pourront être considérés lors de la conception de politiques de conservation

Whole-genome, deep pyrosequencing analysis of a duck influenza A virus evolution in swine cells.

We studied the sub-population level evolution of a duck influenza A virus isolate during passage in swine tracheal cells. The complete genomes of the A/mallard/Netherlands/10-Nmkt/1999 strain and its swine cell-passaged descendent were analysed by 454 pyrosequencing with coverage depth ranging from several hundred to several thousand reads at any point. This allowed characterization of defined minority sub-populations of gene segments 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 present in the original isolate. These minority sub-populations ranged between 9.5% (for segment 2) and 46% (for segment 4) of their respective gene segments in the parental stock. They were likely contributed by one or more viruses circulating within the same area, at the same period and in the same or a sympatric host species. The minority sub-populations of segments 3, 4, and 5 became extinct upon viral passage in swine cells, whereas the minority sub-populations of segments 2, 7 and 8 completely replaced their majority counterparts. The swine cell-passaged virus was therefore a three-segment reassortant and also harboured point mutations in segments 3 and 4. The passaged virus was more homogenous than the parental stock, with only 17 minority single nucleotide polymorphisms present above 5% frequency across the whole genome. Though limited here to one sample, this deep sequencing approach highlights the evolutionary versatility of influenza viruses whereby they exploit their genetic diversity, predilection for mixed infection and reassortment to adapt to a new host environmental niche.This work was supported by a grant from DEFRA and HEFCE under the Veterinary Training and Research Initiative to the Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium (VB, LT), BBSRC grants BB/H014306/1 and BB/G00479X/1 (LT), and the French Ministry of Agriculture, INRA and the French Région Midi-Pyrénées (GC, J-LG, VB).This is the accepted version of the original version available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.03

Behavioral and physiological responses to male handicap in chick-rearing black-legged kittiwakes

Parental investment entails a trade-off between the benefits of effort in current offspring and the costs to future reproduction. Long-lived species are predicted to be reluctant to increase parental effort to avoid affecting their survival. We tested this hypothesis in black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla by clipping flight feathers of experimental males at the beginning of the chick-rearing period. We analyzed the consequences of this handicap on feeding and attendance behavior, body condition, integument coloration, and circulating levels of corticosterone and prolactin in handicapped males and their mates in comparison to unmanipulated controls. Chicks in both groups were compared in terms of aggressive behavior, growth, and mortality. Handicapped males lost more mass, had less bright integuments, and attended the nest less often than controls. Nevertheless, they fed their chicks at the same rate and had similar corticosterone and prolactin levels. Compared with control females, females mated with handicapped males showed a lower provisioning rate and higher nest attendance in the first days after manipulation. Their lower feeding rate probably triggered the increased sibling aggression and mortality observed in experimental broods. Our findings suggest that experimental females adaptively adjusted their effort to their mate's perceived quality or that their provisioning was constrained by their higher nest attendance. Overall, our results suggest that kittiwake males can decrease their condition for the sake of their chicks, which seems to contradict the hypothesis that kittiwakes should be reluctant to increase parental effort to avoid affecting their surviva

Past, present and future contributions of evolutionary biology to wildlife forensics, management and conservation

Successfully implementing fundamental concepts into concrete applications is challenging in any given field. It requires communication, collaboration and shared will between researchers and practitioners. We argue that evolutionary biology, through research work linked to conservation, management and forensics, had a significant impact on wildlife agencies and department practices, where new frameworks and applications have been implemented over the last decades. The Quebec government's Wildlife Department (MFFP: Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs) has been proactive in reducing the “research–implementation” gap, thanks to prolific collaborations with many academic researchers. Among these associations, our department's outstanding partnership with Dr. Louis Bernatchez yielded significant contributions to harvest management, stocking programmes, definition of conservation units, recovery of threatened species, management of invasive species and forensic applications. We discuss key evolutionary biology concepts and resulting concrete examples of their successful implementation that derives directly or indirectly from this successful partnership. While old and new threats to wildlife are bringing new challenges, we expect recent developments in eDNA and genomics to provide innovative solutions as long as the research–implementation bridge remains open

Wild Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Do Not Play a Role as Vectors or Reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 in North-Eastern Poland

Several studies reported a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among white-tailed deer in North America. Monitoring cervids in all regions to better understand SARS-CoV-2 infection and circulation in other deer populations has been urged. To evaluate deer exposure and/or infection to/by SARS-CoV-2 in Poland, we sampled 90 red deer shot by hunters in five hunting districts in north-eastern Poland. Serum and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected, and then an immunofluorescent assay (IFA) to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was performed as well as real-time PCR with reverse transcription for direct virus detection. No positive samples were detected. There is no evidence of spillover of SARS-CoV-2 from the human to deer population in Poland

Serologic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Wild Rodents, Europe

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Design and validation of a 63K genome-wide SNP-genotyping platform for caribou/reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

Background Development of large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays can make genomic data promptly available for conservation problematic. Medium and high-density panels can be designed with sufficient coverage to offer a genome-wide perspective and the generated genotypes can be used to assess different genetic metrics related to population structure, relatedness, or inbreeding. SNP genotyping could also permit sexing samples with unknown associated metadata as it is often the case when using non-invasive sampling methods favored for endangered species. Genome sequencing of wild species provides the necessary information to design such SNP arrays. We report here the development of a SNP-array for endangered Rangifer tarandus using a multi-platform sequencing approach from animals found in diverse populations representing the entire circumpolar distribution of the species. Results From a very large comprehensive catalog of SNPs detected over the entire sample set (N = 894), a total of 63,336 SNPs were selected. SNP selection accounted for SNPs evenly distributed across the entire genome (~ every 50Kb) with known minor alleles across populations world-wide. In addition, a subset of SNPs was selected to represent rare and local alleles found in Eastern Canada which could be used for ecotype and population assignments - information urgently needed for conservation planning. In addition, heterozygosity from SNPs located in the X-chromosome and genotyping call-rate of SNPs located into the SRY gene of the Y-chromosome yielded an accurate and robust sexing assessment. All SNPs were validated using a high-throughput SNP-genotyping chip. Conclusion This design is now integrated into the first genome-wide commercially available genotyping platform for Rangifer tarandus. This platform would pave the way to future genomic investigation of populations for this endangered species, including estimation of genetic diversity parameters, population assignments, as well as animal sexing from genetic SNP data for non-invasive samples

Search for Multimessenger Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos with Advanced LIGO during Its First Observing Run, ANTARES, and IceCube

Astrophysical sources of gravitational waves, such as binary neutron star and black hole mergers or core-collapse supernovae, can drive relativistic outflows, giving rise to non-thermal high-energy emission. High-energy neutrinos are signatures of such outflows. The detection of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos from common sources could help establish the connection between the dynamics of the progenitor and the properties of the outflow. We searched for associated emission of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical transients with minimal assumptions using data from Advanced LIGO from its first observing run O1, and data from the Antares and IceCube neutrino observatories from the same time period. We focused on candidate events whose astrophysical origins could not be determined from a single messenger. We found no significant coincident candidate, which we used to constrain the rate density of astrophysical sources dependent on their gravitational-wave and neutrino emission processes

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity