Patrones de competencia electoral en la disputa por la cámara de diputados en Brasil (1994-2002)

El presente artículo hace un análisis sobre los patrones de competencia electoral en las elecciones a la Cámara de Diputados de Brasil. Las reglas electorales tienen un impacto significativo en la competencia política y, por consiguiente, en la configuración y el funcionamiento del sistema político de un modo general. Para este estudio se considera no sólo el impacto de las reglas de un sistema de representación proporcional con lista abierta, sino también la combinación de este método con la permisión de que los partidos formen alianzas electorales.[EN] The current article presents an analysis of the patterns of electoral competition to the Chamber of Deputies in Brazil. Electoral rules have a significant impact on political competition and on the configuration and workings of the political system in general. This study considers not only the impact of the system of open list proportional representation, but also at the combination of this method with the possibility of parties forming electoral alliances

Tunable Quantum Dots from Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons Using a Multi‐Gate Architecture

Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are increasingly attracting interest due to their largely modifiable electronic properties, which can be tailored by controlling their width and edge structure during chemical synthesis. In recent years, the exploitation of GNR properties for electronic devices has focused on GNR integration into field-effect-transistor (FET) geometries. However, such FET devices have limited electrostatic tunability due to the presence of a single gate. Here, on the device integration of 9-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons (9-AGNRs) into a multi-gate FET geometry, consisting of an ultra-narrow finger gate and two side gates is reported. High-resolution electron-beam lithography (EBL) is used for defining finger gates as narrow as 12 nm and combine them with graphene electrodes for contacting the GNRs. Low-temperature transport spectroscopy measurements reveal quantum dot (QD) behavior with rich Coulomb diamond patterns, suggesting that the GNRs form QDs that are connected both in series and in parallel. Moreover, it is shown that the additional gates enable differential tuning of the QDs in the nanojunction, providing the first step toward multi-gate control of GNR-based multi-dot systems

Tunable quantum dots from atomically precise graphene nanoribbons using a multi-gate architecture

Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are increasingly attracting interest due to their largely modifiable electronic properties, which can be tailored by controlling their width and edge structure during chemical synthesis. In recent years, the exploitation of GNR properties for electronic devices has focused on GNR integration into field-effect-transistor (FET) geometries. However, such FET devices have limited electrostatic tunability due to the presence of a single gate. Here, we report on the device integration of 9-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons (9-AGNRs) into a multi-gate FET geometry, consisting of an ultra-narrow finger gate and two side gates. We use high-resolution electron-beam lithography (EBL) for defining finger gates as narrow as 12 nm and combine them with graphene electrodes for contacting the GNRs. Low-temperature transport spectroscopy measurements reveal quantum dot (QD) behavior with rich Coulomb diamond patterns, suggesting that the GNRs form QDs that are connected both in series and in parallel. Moreover, we show that the additional gates enable differential tuning of the QDs in the nanojunction, providing the first step towards multi-gate control of GNR-based multi-dot systems

Redução no tombamento de Fusarium sp. em plântulas de beterraba, pelo tratamento das sementes com óleo essencial de Aloysia citriodora Palau

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of essential oil of Aloysia citriodora in the induction of resistance in beet seedlings against damping off caused by Fusarium sp. The work was carried out by treating the seeds with concentrations (0.0625%; 0.125% and 0.25%) of essential oil of A. citriodora in distilled water plus surfactant Tween 80® (0.5%) and control treatment (distilled water plus surfactant Tween 80® 0.5%). The seeds after treated with essential oil were sown in substrate inoculated with Fusarium sp. It was evaluated after 14 days of sowning: the percentage of emergency at 4 and 14 days; the incidence of post-emergence damping off; green mass; the length of seedlings and biochemistry of plant tissues (total protein content, enzymatic activity of peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, β-1.3-glucanases and chitinases). The results showed that the essential oil of this plant applied on seeds reduced the damping off caused by Fusarium sp. and induced biochemical plant defense mechanisms, by increasing the activity of peroxidases.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal, avaliar o potencial do uso do óleo essencial de Aloysia citriodora na indução de resistência em plântulas de beterraba ao tombamento causado por Fusarium sp. O trabalho foi realizado por meio do tratamento das sementes com concentrações (0,0625%; 0,125% e 0,25%) do óleo essencial de A. citriodora em água destilada mais espalhante adesivo Tween 80® (0,5%) e o tratamento testemunha (água destilada mais espalhante adesivo Tween 80® a 0,5%). As sementes, após tratadas com o óleo essencial, foram semeadas em substrato inoculado com Fusarium sp. Avaliou-se após 14 dias de implantação do experimento: a porcentagem de emergência aos 4 e 14 dias; a incidência de tombamentos de plântulas de pós-emergência; a massa verde; o comprimento de plântulas e análises bioquímicas dos tecidos vegetais (teor de proteínas totais, atividade enzimática de peroxidases, fenilalanina amônia-liase, β-1,3-glucanases e quitinases). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o óleo essencial desta planta aplicado nas sementes, diminuiu o tombamento causado por Fusarium sp. e induziu mecanismos bioquímicos de resistência, pelo aumento da atividade enzimática de peroxidases

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Analysis of the penal processes in the judicial districts of São Paulo

Esta dissertação discute três problemas dos estudos do judiciário: a discriminação de grupos sociais com impacto no tempo de sentença, nas condenações e no regime da pena; os incentivos ao recurso; e a influência de posições ideológicas dos juízes em suas decisões. Analisando os processos penais distribuídos na comarca de São Paulo em 2002, o trabalho conclui que não há padrões de discriminações por características sociais dos réus, mas sim variações decorrentes de possibilidades processuais, e uma das variáveis importantes para predizer o recurso é o regime da pena. Por fim, faz um estudo qualitativo com um pequeno grupo de juízes, que aponta uma pequena influência da posição ideológica no resultado dos processos e no incentivo ao recurso das sentenças.This dissertation discusses three issues of judicial studies: the discrimination of social groups with an impact in the time of sentence, condemnations and disciplinary rules; stimulation to appeal; and the influence of the judge\'s ideological position on their decisions. Analyzing the penal processes of 2002 in the judicial districts of São Paulo, we conclude that defendants are not distinguished by their social backgrounds, but by variations resulting from processual possibilities, and one of the important variables for predicting appeals is the disciplinary rules. At last, we make a qualitative study with a small group of judges, indicating a tenuous influence of ideological position on the result of processes and the appealing of sentences

Patrones de competencia electoral en la disputa por la cámara de diputados en Brasil (1994-2002)

The current article presents an analysis of the patterns of electoral competition to the Chamber of Deputies in Brazil. Electoral rules have a significant impact on political competition and on the configuration and workings of the political system in general. This study considers not only the impact of the system of open list proportional representation, but also at the combination of this method with the possibility of parties forming electoral alliances.El presente artículo hace un análisis sobre los patrones de competencia electoral en las elecciones a la Cámara de Diputados de Brasil. Las reglas electorales tienen un impacto significativo en la competencia política y, por consiguiente, en la configuración y el funcionamiento del sistema político de un modo general. Para este estudio se considera no sólo el impacto de las reglas de un sistema de representación proporcional con lista abierta, sino también la combinación de este método con la permisión de que los partidos formen alianzas electorales

Transient response of magnetorheological fluid on rapid change of magnetic field in shear mode

The transient behaviour of magnetorheological (MR) devices is an important parameter for modern semi-actively controlled suspension systems. A significant part of the MR device response time is the MR fluid response time itself. A significant factor is the so-called rheological response time. The rheological response time is connected with the structuring particle's time and the development of shear stress in MR fluid during the deformation. The main aim of this paper is to experimentally determine the rheological response time of MR fluid and evaluated the effect of shear rate, magnetic field level, and carrier fluid viscosity. The unique design of the rheometer, which allows the rapid change of a magnetic field, is presented. The rheological response time of MRF 132-DG and MRC-C1L is in the range of 0.8-1.4 ms, depending on the shear rate. The higher the shear rate, the shorter the response time. It can be stated that the higher the magnetization of the MR fluid, the lower the response time. The higher the viscosity, the higher the rheological response time. The measured data of rheological response time was generalized and one master curve was determined