A területhasználat változásai

A mezÅ‘gazdasági termelést meghatározó tényezÅ‘k – környezeti, gazdasági, tár¬sadalmi és politikai szempontból – jelentÅ‘sen változtak az elmúlt öt évtizedben. Földrajzi elemzésünk eredményeként látható, hogy napjainkban átmeneti idÅ‘szakban vagyunk, melyet jól definiálható trendek, a mezÅ‘gazdasági területek csökkenése és az élelmiszerek iránti kereslet növekedése határoznak meg, ezért hazánkban fontos feladat, hogy e körülmények között a KAP 2014 utáni reformjára felkészüljenek. Fontos, hogy olyan támogatási rendszer érvényesüljön, amely a környezetre ható és a területhasználatban jelentkezÅ‘ negatív folyamatokat új pályára állítja, vagyis fenntartható legyen. Magyarország területhasználati változásairól megállapítható, hogy az Európai Unió országaihoz hasonló utat járt be, a meglévÅ‘ és a múltbeli különbségek ellenére is. Nagy kérdés, hogy a 2011-ben felszabaduló földpiac és a 2014-ben változó KAP után mennyire tudják a jövÅ‘ generáció számára megÅ‘rizni e hazai tájakat, az értékes termÅ‘- és természetvédelmi területeket? ---------------------------------------- The conditions affecting agricultural production – its environmental, economic, social and political aspects – have undergone significant change over the last five decades. Our geographic analysis indicates that we are currently in a transitory period, which is characterised by well-defined trends, reduction of agricultural areas and increased demand for foodstuff. It is therefore important in Hungary to prepare for the reform of the CAP, which comes after 2014. The system of subsidies should be geared towards correcting the current processes which have a negative effect on the environment and on land use, to ensure sustainability. The land use patterns in Hungary have been found to have underwent a similar course as in the other Member States, despite past and present differences. The big question is, after liberalisation of the land market in 2011 and the changes in CAP as of 2014, how can Hungary’s landscapes, valuable cultivated areas and natural protection areas be preserved for the future generation?művelési ágak, mezÅ‘gazdasági területek csökkenése, élelmiszerigény, települések területnövekedése, cultivation forms, reduction of agricultural areas, foodstuff demand, increasing size of settlements, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use,

Colour changes upon cooling of Lepidoptera scales containing photonic nanoarchitectures

The effects produced by the condensation of water vapours from the ambient in the various intricate nanoarchitectures occurring in the wing scales of several Lepidoptera species were investigated by controlled cooling (from room temperature to -5 - -10 {\deg}C) combined with in situ measurement of changes in the reflectance spectra. It was determined that, due to this procedure, all photonic nanoarchitectures giving a reflectance maximum in the visible range and having an open nanostructure exhibited alteration of the position of the reflectance maximum associated with the photonic nanoarchitectures. The photonic nanoarchitectures with a closed structure exhibited little to no alteration in colour. Similarly, control specimens coloured by pigments did not exhibit a colour change under the same conditions. Hence, this effect can be used to identify species with open photonic nanoarchitectures in their scales. For certain species, an almost complete disappearance of the reflectance maximum was found. All specimens recovered their original colours following warming and drying. Cooling experiments using thin copper wires demonstrated that colour alterations could be limited to a millimetre, or below. Dried museum specimens do not exhibit colour changes when cooled in the absence of a heat sink due to the low heat capacity of the wings.Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures, including supplemen

Variability of the structural coloration in two butterfly species with different prezygotic mating strategies

Structural coloration variability was investigated in two Blue butterfly species that are common in Hungary. The males of Polyommatus icarus (Common Blue) and Plebejus argus (Silver-studded Blue) use their blue wing coloration for conspecific recognition. Despite living in the same type of habitat, these two species display differences in prezygotic mating strategy: the males of P. icarus are patrolling, while P. argus males have sedentary behavior. Therefore, the species-specific photonic nanoarchitecture, which is the source of the structural coloration, may have been subjected to different evolutionary effects. Despite the increasing interest in photonic nanoarchitectures of biological origin, there is a lack of studies focused on the biological variability of structural coloration that examine a statistically relevant number of individuals from the same species. To investigate possible structural color variation within the same species in populations separated by large geographical distances, climatic differences, or applied experimental conditions, one has to be able to compare these variations to the normal biological variability within a single population. The structural coloration of the four wings of 25 male individuals (100 samples for each species) was measured and compared using different light-collecting setups: perpendicular and with an integrating sphere. Significant differences were found in the near UV wavelength region that are perceptible by these polyommatine butterflies but are invisible to human observers. The differences are attributed to the differences in the photonic nanoarchitecture in the scales of these butterflies. Differences in the intensity of structural coloration were also observed and were tentatively attributed to the different prezygotic mating strategies of these insects. Despite the optical complexity of the scale covered butterfly wings, for sufficiently large sample batches, the averaged normal incidence measurements and the averaged measurements using an integrating sphere are in agreement. © 2016 Piszter et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Determination of 24 primary aromatic amines in aqueous food simulants by combining solid phase extraction and salting-out assisted liquid?liquid extraction with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Carcinogenic primary aromatic amines (PAAs) can be released from improperly manufactured food packaging materials. The limit for the sum of PAAs is set to 10 ?gkg- 1 in Commission Regulation No. 10/2011 (FCM Regulation). However, a lower individual limit, 2 ?gkg- 1 has been recently introduced for the carcinogenic PAAs in Commission Regulation No. 2020/1245. As the majority of the previously published methods are no longer compliant with the current regulation, a UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed to enable food packaging compliance testing for PAAs not only from 3% (w/v) acetic acid, but also from 10% (v/v) ethanol food simulant. Since the latest amendment of the FCM Regulation refers to the list of the 22 restricted PAAs of EU Regulation No. 1907/2006, these PAAs were selected as target compounds along with aniline and p-toluidine, the most common impurities of azo colorants and isocyanates. An enrichment factor of 20 could be achieved combining solid phase extraction with salting-out assisted liquid?liquid extraction. The method was successfully validated and applied on real samples. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) values were 0.15 ?gL-1 and 0.05 ?gL-1 for both food simulants, respectively; except for 2,4-diaminotoluene, aniline and 4,4?-oxydianiline. However, even these compounds had lower LOD values than the new individual limit of 2 ?gkg- 1. Cumulative LOD values for both food simulants (1.6 ?gL-1 and 1.5 ?gL-1 for 3% (w/v) acetic acid and 10% (v/v) ethanol, respectively) were lower than the 10 ?gkg- 1 specified in the FCM Regulation. Accuracy values were between 70 and 118% for both food simulants for the majority of PAAs. Both within-day and between-day precision values were below 20%. This method proved to be suitable for daily routine analysis enabling compliance testing of food packaging materials according to the latest regulations. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of plastic kitchenware samples

Role of stereotactic body radiation in the enhancement of the quality of life in locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a systematic review

Introduction Up to 30% of pancreatic cancer patients initially present locally advanced (LAPC). Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) may be an additional palliative treatment option when curative resection is no longer achievable. Our systematic review aimed to assess the effect of SBRT on the quality of life in LAPC. Methods We searched five databases until June 29th, 2021, for original articles that reported on SBRT for histologically proven LAPC in adults. Data were extracted on study characteristics, SBRT and additional therapy regimen, pain, biliary complications, nutrition, quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed for population and survival data. Results 11 case series studies comprising 292 patients with a median age of 66 (range 34–89) years were included in the final analysis. The weighted average BED2;10 (radiation biologically effective dose, equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions) was 54 Gy, delivered in 3 to 6 fractions. The individual studies used different scales and endpoints, not allowing a meta-analysis. Pain generally appeared to be improved by SBRT. SBRT significantly reduced jaundice. Local control was achieved in 71.7% of patients. Weight loss and nausea also tended to improve after SBRT. Conclusion SBRT of locally advanced irresectable pancreatic cancer is a promising approach for achieving local control and improving the quality of life. However, randomized controlled trials with larger cohorts are needed to assess the value of SBRT in pancreatic cancer therapy

The Small Heat Shock Protein, HSPB1, Interacts with and Modulates the Physical Structure of Membranes

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) have been demonstrated to interact with lipids and modulate the physical state of membranes across species. Through these interactions, sHSPs contribute to the maintenance of membrane integrity. HSPB1 is a major sHSP in mammals, but its lipid interaction profile has so far been unexplored. In this study, we characterized the interaction between HSPB1 and phospholipids. HSPB1 not only associated with membranes via membrane-forming lipids, but also showed a strong affinity towards highly fluid membranes. It participated in the modulation of the physical properties of the interacting membranes by altering rotational and lateral lipid mobility. In addition, the in vivo expression of HSPB1 greatly affected the phase behavior of the plasma membrane under membrane fluidizing stress conditions. In light of our current findings, we propose a new function for HSPB1 as a membrane chaperone

Evidence for diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis after three episodes of acute pancreatitis : a cross-sectional multicentre international study with experimental animal model

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an end-stage disease with no specific therapy; therefore, an early diagnosis is of crucial importance. In this study, data from 1315 and 318 patients were analysed from acute pancreatitis (AP) and CP registries, respectively. The population from the AP registry was divided into AP (n=983), recurrent AP (RAP, n=270) and CP (n=62) groups. The prevalence of CP in combination with AP, RAP2, RAP3, RAP4 and RAP5+was 0%, 1%, 16%, 50% and 47%, respectively, suggesting that three or more episodes of AP is a strong risk factor for CP. Laboratory, imaging and clinical biomarkers highlighted that patients with RAP3+do not show a significant difference between RAPs and CP. Data from CP registries showed 98% of patients had at least one AP and the average number of episodes was four. We mimicked the human RAPs in a mouse model and found that three or more episodes of AP cause early chronic-like morphological changes in the pancreas. We concluded that three or more attacks of AP with no morphological changes to the pancreas could be considered as early CP (ECP).The new diagnostic criteria for ECP allow the majority of CP patients to be diagnosed earlier. They can be used in hospitals with no additional costs in healthcare.Peer reviewe

Membrane fluidity matters: Hyperthermia from the aspects of lipids and membranes

Hyperthermia is a promising treatment modality for cancer in combination both with radio- and chemotherapy. In spite of its great therapeutic potential, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain to be clarified. Due to lipid imbalances and 'membrane defects' most of the tumour cells possess elevated membrane fluidity. However, further increasing membrane fluidity to sensitise to chemo-or radiotherapy could have some other effects. In fact, hyperfluidisation of cell membrane induced by membrane fluidiser initiates a stress response as the heat shock protein response, which may modulate positively or negatively apoptotic cell death. Overviewing some recent findings based on a technology allowing direct imaging of lipid rafts in live cells and lipidomics, novel aspects of the intimate relationship between the 'membrane stress' of tumour cells and the cellular heat shock response will be highlighted. Our findings lend support to both the importance of membrane remodelling and the release of lipid signals initiating stress protein response, which can operate in tandem to control the extent of the ultimate cellular thermosensitivity. Overall, we suggest that the fluidity variable of membranes should be used as an independent factor for predicting the efficacy of combinational cancer therapies

Recreation of the Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-56) merging event via N-body computer simulation

In this study I present two N-body computer simulations of the Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-56) merging system. The models are fully self-consistent, meaning that all gravitational forces are determined by the distribution of the particles. Initial positions and velocities of the two clusters are determined by solving a two-body problem. Post-collision time period shows an increase in the line-of-sight velocity dispersion in both clusters, and is consistent with previous Bullet Cluster studies. I also investigate the temporal evolution of the average cluster radial velocities of the galaxies located in the inner, middle, and outer regions of the clusters. I show that the orbital trajectories differ in pre- and post-collision periods. Inner region galaxies receive an impulse that moves them outward from the cluster center immediately after collision, while at the same time the outer region galaxies are pulled back towards the cluster center.Department of Physics and AstronomyThesis (M.S.