PENGARUH PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL TERHADAP PERILAKU APEKTIF SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN BOLA VOLI DI SMP NEGERI 15 BANDUNG

Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMP Negeri 15 Bandung. Dengan bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan perilaku apektif siswa dengan menggunakan permainan tradisional dan permainan baru dalam pembelajaran bola voli. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan desain Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah SMP Negeri 15 Bandung. Sampel diperoleh melalui teknik random sampling yang terbagi atas dua kelas. Dua kelas yang dipilih yaitu kelas VII A sebagai kelompok eksperimen dengan menggunakan permainan tadisional dengan jumlah siswa 40 dan kelas VII C sebagai kelompok kontrol menggunakan permainan modern dengan jumlah siswa 40. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah berupa tes (pre-test dan post-test) dan observasi untuk mengamati kegiatan pembelajaran di lapangan, dan angket untuk pengumpulan data perilaku apektif siswa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa permainan tradisional lebih tinggi dengan perolehan N-gain x ̅ 0,75 dibandingkan dengan permainan modern x ̅ 0,13 dalam pembelajaran bola voli. Hipotesis uji-t menunjukan bahwa permainan tradisional memperoleh thitung 18,727 (kelompok eksperimen) ≥ ttabel 1,991 maka signifikan. Kesimpulan permainan tradisional lebih berpengaruh nyata dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dalam pembelajaran bola voli terhadap perilaku apektif siswa. ---------- This Research is to determine whether there is a different effect from the application of the tradisional game and modern game in SMPN 40 Bandung. Samples in this research using students in class VII-A SMPN 15 Bandung as many as 40 students. The method used in this research is the experimental method. Then for research design using pretest posttest group design. The instrument used in this study using a modified assessment questioner and observation. Implementation of the treatment carried out at the school. The results obtained from the application of the tradisional game and moder game is that there is a significant difference. According from the statistic data analysis that the authors do state that an average of application of the game of sections is N-gain x ̅ 0,75 between modern game x ̅ 0,13. In volleyball learning, tradisional game have a thitung 18,727 (eksperiment) ≥ ttabel 1,991. From the results of this research findings concluded, that the tradisional game better than modern game, can increase the affective behavior Students learn a volley ball learning in class VII A SMPN 15 Bandung

Spatial and temporal variations in seabird bycatch: Incidental bycatch in the Norwegian coastal gillnet-fishery

The general decline of seabird populations worldwide raises large concerns. Although multiple factors are interacting to cause the observed trends, increased mortality from incidental bycatch in fisheries has proven to be important for many species. However, the bulk of published knowledge is derived from longline fisheries, whereas bycatch in gillnet fisheries is less studied and even overlooked in some areas. We present seabird bycatch data from a 10-year time-series of fishery data from the large fleet of small-vessels fishing with gillnets along the Norwegian coast—a large area and fishery with no prior estimates of seabird bycatch. In general, we document high rates of incidental bycatch (averaging 0.0023 seabirds/ net, or approximately 0.08 seabirds/fishing trip). This results in an estimated annual bycatch between 1580 and 11500 (95% CI) birds in this fishery. There was a surprisingly high percentage (43%) of surface-feeding seabirds in the bycatch, with northern fulmar being the most common species. Among the diving seabirds caught, common guillemot was most numerous. Our findings suggest that coastal gillnet fisheries represent a more general threat to a wider range of seabird populations, as opposed to longline fisheries where surface-feeding seabird species seem to dominate the bycatch. The bycatch estimates for the Norwegian gillnet-fishery varied in time, between areas, and with fishing depth and distance from the coast, but we found no clear trends in relation to the type of gillnets used. The results enabled us to identify important spatio-temporal trends in the seabird bycatch, which can allow for the development and implementation of more specific mitigation measures. While specific time closures might be an efficient option to reduce bycatch for diving seabirds, measures such as gear modification and reduction in release of wastewater during fishing operation are probably a more effective mitigation approach for reducing bycatch of surface-feeding seabirds.publishedVersio

Assessing incidental bycatch of seabirds in Norwegian coastal commercial fisheries: Empirical and methodological lessons

-Unintentional bycatch, waterbirds, small vessel fishery, gillnetts, longlines, Northeast Atlanti

Morphological divergence among sympatric demes of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus).

Divergent selection pressures, induced by variations in environmental conditions, can be expected to favour different phenotypic expressions. Different populations show thus often local adaptations that could be attributed to their respective environments. Such local adaptations have even been demonstrated to occur at a contemporary time scale. Observing rapid local adaptations in the wild may shed more light on speciation and fundamental evolutionary processes. In this study, I have explored morphological variation among demes of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) within a Norwegian lake, Lesjaskogsvatnet. The morphological variation has been quantified using geometric morphometric methods. The grayling inhabiting the lake shared common ancestors less than 25 generations ago. I hypothesised there to be a divergence in morphological traits affecting survival and reproduction due to variations in sexual and natural selection within the system. I found differences in sexual dimorphic traits among demes. Further, I found a small difference in the degree of sexual dimorphism between demes. This morphological pattern may be due to among-tributary differences in environmental conditions during spawning, and thus different natural and sexual selection gradients. The among-deme difference may also have occurred due to founder effects and genetic drift. I also found evidence of polymorphism, which might indicate there to be variations in resources or resource competition between different basins in the lake. All this morphological variations might have occurred due to either adaptive divergence or phenotypic plasticity

Climate-driven population responses of resident brown trout, Salmo trutta: Trends and future projections

The climate is changing at an alarming rate with consequences such as species and population extinctions, changes in species distribution and phenology. However, mechanisms underlying these global trends are not well understood, especially at a population level. Climate effects on demographic traits and population dynamics have recently received increasing attention as key importance for understanding the ecological impacts of climate change. The effects on demographic traits might vary across populations that are adapted to respective local environmental conditions. Hence, different populations within the same species might perform differently while subjected to the same climate scenario. In this thesis, I focused on how environmental variability and its effects on key life history traits of freshwater resident brown trout, Salmo trutta, influence population dynamics. In particular, I explored effects of variations in temperature, precipitation and general winter conditions together with other ecological variables to elucidate how climate induced variations in demographics characteristics might result in altered population dynamics. I explored these matters mainly through statistical models based on climate variations in spatio-temporal environmental data, studying individual differences within and between-populations. Further, I included possible adaptive responses to climate change in the population projections to assess possible ecoevolutionary rescue scenarios. I found evidence for local environmental adaptations in early growth of brown trout. I argue that higher growth rate associated with populations experiencing more precipitation and low temperatures, was an adaptation to short, harsh and unstable environments in streams during early life stages. Further, I found that density and temperature interacted in a non-additive and complex way as controlling agents of growth performance, where a general positive effect of warm temperature minimised an apparent negative effect of density. Finally, by combining demographic parameters into population models I was able to infer mechanistic effects of climate change at the population level. In general, simulations including increasing and more variable temperatures in the next 100 years resulted in negative effects on the brown trout population growth rates. The effect on the population growth was, however, dependent on the population’s spatial location and the spawning reaction norms in relation to altered individual growth rates. Simulated adaptations towards maturation at younger and smaller fish countered a negative population effect of a changing climate in some situations, thus showing possible eco-evolutionary rescue scenarios. It is clear that climate may induce phenotypic plasticity in life history traits. I hope that my thesis will contribute to illuminate why and how altered life history traits might affect an ectothermic species, such as the brown trout, at the population level in a changing climate. In addition, I have tried to explore an intersection between ecological and evolutionary responses to address how adaptive evolutionary scenarios might counteract the effects of a rapidly changing climate. I propose that the type of model framework used in this thesis should be a compelling applied tool for nature managers to infer future mitigation efforts at the population-level

Swimming performance of brown trout and grayling show species- specific responses to changes in temperature

Fishways have historically been constructed to restore and preserve the ecological connectivity for fish in fragmented rivers. However, the fishways are often selective on species due to different size and swimming capacity. As the proportion of dammed riv- ers is still increasing, there is a growing need for more information on wild fish and their migration potential. In this study, we compared the swimming capacity of wild caught brown trout (Salmo trutta) and European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) until the fish were exhausted in a critical swimming speed (U crit ) test, under three different naturally occurring stream temperatures in Norway: 1.7, 5.5 and 10°C. The results indicated that trout swim better at the warmer temperatures than at colder temperatures. The gray- ling showed consistent swimming patterns with little variation across all tested tem- peratures. The results therefore signify the need to have operational fishways already early in the spring when the grayling migration starts and highlight the need for more studies on fish migration abilities across a wider range of species and seasons. fish, migration, Norway, Salmo trutta, Salmonids, Thymallus thymallusacceptedVersio

Modellering av bestandsutvikling hos stor- og småsalamander og frosk

Bærum, K.M. & Dervo, B.K. 2019. Modellering av bestandsutvikling hos stor- og småsalamander og frosk. NINA Rapport 1638. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Amfibiene storsalamander, småsalamander og buttsnutefrosk har vært i tilbakegang siden 1950-tallet. Tap eller forringelse av leveområdene, enten i vann eller på land, er den viktigste årsaken til tilbakegangen. Dette gjør disse amfibiene spesielt aktuelle for overvåkning og beregninger av populasjonsendringer og indikatorverdier. Fra og med 2010 bygger naturindeksens indikatorer for salamanderne på biologisk modellering basert på kvantitative bestandsdata og beregninger av endringer i forekomster. Disse beregningene er arbeid som er under stadig forbedring. I denne rapporten ser vi på hvordan vi kan kombinere forskjellige innsamlingsmetoder, samt integrere forskjellige typer modeller for å gi et mer sammensatt og riktig bilde av bestandsutviklingen hos utvalgte amfibier i Norge. Konkret så presenterer vi et modelloppsett hvor vi integrerer tre forskjellige datatyper, og modeller, inn i et felles modellkonsept for å forstå og forutsi populasjons-endringer hos amfibier i Norge. Data som inngår i de integrerte modellene vil bestå av observasjonsdata (tilstedeværelse), overvåkningsdata (rusefangst) og demografiske data. Resultatene fra de forskjellige modellene som håndterer de forskjellige datatypene vil integreres, og gi et mer sammensatt og helhetlig bilde av populasjonsendringer i et område. Resultatene fra de integrerte modellene er også godt egnet som input som modellerte indikatorverdier til NaturIndeks (NI)-basen.Bærum, K.M. & Dervo, B.K. 2019. Modelling population dynamics for newts and frogs in Norway. NINA Report 1638. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Amphibians in Norway has declined in numbers since the 1950’s. Habitat loss or reduction in habitat quality on land or in the aquatic environment are the key drivers of this decline. It is thus especially crucial to monitor these species to prevent further declines as well as predicting future distributions. Due to the declines, amphibian populations are also very relevant to include in nature indexes, measuring changes in abundance and diversity for key species. Since 2010, the indicator value for newts within the Norwegian Nature Index, has been assessed based on model output. The models underlying these values are under constant improvement to get as accurate as possible indicator values, mimicking the true situation in nature. In this report, we elucidate the possibilities with integrating multiple monitoring data and models into one more complete assessment of the population status of amphibians in Norway. Specifically, we present a model frame work, where we integrate three different sources of monitoring data (presence/absence, capture data and demographic data) and models. The result from the different models will in combination give a more complete picture of the different population trends. The results can also be used directly as input to the modelled indicator values for amphibians within the Norwegian Nature Index frame work

Effects of temperature and precipitation on breeding migrations of amphibian species in southeastern Norway

To reveal the effects of climate, a generalized linear mixedmodelwas used to explore the variation in onset of spawning migration for the two newt species T. cristatus and L. vulgaris in southernNorway.Amphibians are highly influenced by the physical environment, such as temperature and rainfall.Thefirst migrating newts were observed subsequently to the three first consecutive days with mean temperature close toor above4∘C. Further,migration of L. vulgaris was facilitated at lower temperatures compared to T. cristatus, but the migration was dependent on higher precipitation levels. Northern populations of T. cristatus and L. vulgaris may already benefit from a warmer climate due to increased recruitment and juvenile survival. However, an offset in the migration phenology due to climate change might further alter the recruitment and survival rates with either positive or negative outcome.Thus, variations in migration phenology for newts due to climate changemay have implications for management and protection status inmany systems. In a general context, we should increase emphasis on protecting newts and support increased populations and distribution

Trust in researchers and researchers' statements in large carnivore conservation

1. Human–wildlife interactions occur when humans and wildlife overlap in the same landscapes. Due to the growing human population, the number of interactions will continue to increase, and in some cases, develop further into social conflicts. Conflicts may occur between people disagreeing about wildlife conservation or arguing over which wildlife management measures should be taken. Social conflicts between humans are based on different attitudes, values and land-use aspirations. The success of solving these social conflicts strongly depends on building trust between the public, stakeholders, authorities and researchers, as trust is fundamental to all communication and dialogue. 2. Here we have examined how trust in large carnivore research differs within a geographically stratified sample of the Norwegian population. The comprehensive survey, including 2,110 respondents, allows us to explore how people perceive factual statements about large carnivores depending on the source of these statements. Specifically, the respondents were given multiple statements and asked to judge them in terms of meaning and authenticity depending on whether the statements were made by a politician, the Norwegian farmers' association, the Norwegian Fish and Game association or a large carnivore researcher. Based on the variations in perceptions, we inferred that trust in large carnivore researchers and their research results varied with people's attitudes, values and direct experience of large carnivores. 3. In general, respondents perceived 60% of the statements to be genuine when given no information of who had made them. Although this increased to 75% when informed that the statements were made by a large carnivore researcher, there was still a 25% probability that the statement was perceived as manipulative or political. Age, environmental values and negative experiences of carnivores increased the probability of perceiving research statements as manipulative or political. People living in areas with high proportions of hunters showed particularly polarized views, either more strongly perceiving the statements as political, or in contrast as research. 4. This study provides a novel perspective in understanding the role trust plays in social conflicts related to human–wildlife interactions

Trust in researchers and researchers' statements in large carnivore conservation

Human–wildlife interactions occur when humans and wildlife overlap in the same landscapes. Due to the growing human population, the number of interactions will continue to increase, and in some cases, develop further into social conflicts. Conflicts may occur between people disagreeing about wildlife conservation or arguing over which wildlife management measures should be taken. Social conflicts between humans are based on different attitudes, values and land-use aspirations. The success of solving these social conflicts strongly depends on building trust between the public, stakeholders, authorities and researchers, as trust is fundamental to all communication and dialogue. Here we have examined how trust in large carnivore research differs within a geographically stratified sample of the Norwegian population. The comprehensive survey, including 2,110 respondents, allows us to explore how people perceive factual statements about large carnivores depending on the source of these statements. Specifically, the respondents were given multiple statements and asked to judge them in terms of meaning and authenticity depending on whether the statements were made by a politician, the Norwegian farmers' association, the Norwegian Fish and Game association or a large carnivore researcher. Based on the variations in perceptions, we inferred that trust in large carnivore researchers and their research results varied with people's attitudes, values and direct experience of large carnivores. In general, respondents perceived 60% of the statements to be genuine when given no information of who had made them. Although this increased to 75% when informed that the statements were made by a large carnivore researcher, there was still a 25% probability that the statement was perceived as manipulative or political. Age, environmental values and negative experiences of carnivores increased the probability of perceiving research statements as manipulative or political. People living in areas with high proportions of hunters showed particularly polarized views, either more strongly perceiving the statements as political, or in contrast as research. This study provides a novel perspective in understanding the role trust plays in social conflicts related to human–wildlife interactions. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article