Investigation of human papilloma viruses infections in prostate cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with benign and malignant lesions of the female and male anogenital tract. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the role of high-risk HPVs infection in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer among nations or ethnic groups, in addition to testing the role of homozygosity of arginine form at codon 72 of the p53 gene among prostate cancer patients whose prostate tissues were infected with high-risk HPVs. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 123 primary prostate adenocarcinoma cases and 267 control tissues of benign prostatic hyperplasia were used in the study. Genomic DNA was purified and amplified through MY09/MY11 degenerate primers, GP5+/GP6+ consensus primers, SPF1/2 cocktail of six primers using conventional, multiplex and nested PCR techniques, and subsequently subjected to viral load quantification, genotyping, testing of polymorphism of codon 72 of the p53 gene and apoptosis index assessment by in situ assay. Also, the status of the p53 tumour suppressor gene, p16INK4a transcription factor as well as the E6 protein of the high risk HPVs have been tested by immunohistochemistry in both the study and control groups. High-risk HPVs were detected in 30 of 123 (24.3%) PCa and 16 of 267 (5.9%) BPH samples with positive HPV-DNA. The detection rate of the high-risk HPV infections was 4%, 44% and 29% among the ethnic subgroups from the Middle Eastern, Caucasian, and Afro-Caribbean of the PCa patients. There was no association between the existence of high-risk HPV infections and their viral load in PCa patients and the tumour staging, grading, PSA level and patient survival rate in those patients. Likewise, there was no significant difference in the frequency of p53 Arg 16 homozygosity between the high-risk HPV-positive and the HPV-negative PCa samples. Moreover, it has been found that the existence of the highrisk HPV E6 protein within the PCa samples was independent of the status of the p53 gene, p16INK4a transcription factor, and the apoptosis index in these samples. Our data showed that HPV infections do exist in PCa and BPH samples with different prevalence within ethnic groups with the least occurrence in the Middle Eastern patients. However, the infections with high-risk HPVs are not associated with the prostate cancer grade, stage, patient’s PSA level, and survival rate. Therefore, our data do not support the role of HPV infection in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma

Strategies of linear feedback control and its classification

This paper is concerned with the control problem for a class of nonlinear dynamical (hyperchaotic) systems based on linear feedback control strategies. Since the obtaining positive feedback coefficients are required for these strategies. From this point of view, the available ordinary/dislocated/enhancing and speed feedback control strategies can be classified into two main aspects: control the dynamical systems or can't be control although it own a positive feedback coefficients. So, we focused on these cases, and suggest a new method to recognize which system can be controller it or not. In this method, we divided the positive feedback coefficient which obtain from these strategies in to four categories according to possibility of suppression and show the reason for each case. Finally, numerical simulations are given to illustrate and verify the results

Comparative Study of CD105 and Ki-67 in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma and Polymorphous Low Grade Adenocarcinoma of the Salivary Glands

تمهيد         السرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة  ولهما تداخل في  عدد من الانماط  النسيجية والتي تشمل المثقب، الانبوبي والاصم. ان تداخل الصفات السريرية والمرضية للسرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة يادي الى جعل التشخيص في مازق. ان السرطان الكيسي الغدي يمتاز بانه اسوا في تطور المرض من السرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة وهذا يجعل التمييز بينهما ضروري لا جل العلاج  ومتابعة تطور المرض. الاهداف         تقييم الظهور الكيميائي النسيجي المناعي لل CD105. ومؤشر التكاثر.Ki-67. للسرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة للغدد اللعابية، ومقارنة درجة ظهور هذه العوامل مع الخصائص السريرية والمرضية. المواد وطرائق العمل       تضمنت الدراسة 50 عينة لاشخاص مصابين بسرطان الغدد اللعابية، 25 عينه لا شخاص مصابين بالسرطان الكيسي الغدي و25 عينة لا شخاص مصابين بالسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة، جمعت هذه العينات من ارشيف قسم امراض الفم والوجه والفكين/ كلية طب الاسنان/ جامعة بغداد ومختبر الامراض العامة/ مستشفى الشهيد غازي الحريري للجراحات التخصصية، وباستخدام قوالب شمعيه حاوية على النسيج المحفوظ في الفور مالين واجري لها الفحص النسيجي للتأكد من التشخيص بعد تقطيعها الى شرائح دقيقة وبسمك 4 ما يكرو متر.        بعدها تم اجراء الفحوصات المناعية النسيجية الكيميائية لل.CD 105   ومؤشر التكاثر Ki-67 .للشرائح النسيجية بنفس السمك المذكور سابقا مع اجراء اختبار السيطرة السالبة والموجبة  ثم تقييم النتائج الى بعضها البعض والى الخصائص السريرية والمرضية ايضا. النتائج       اظهرت النتائج ان الظهور  الكيميائي النسيجي  المناعي لل.CD105 كان موجبا في  21 عينة للسرطان الكيسي الغدي و 20 عينة للسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة كما اظهرت النتائج ان الظهور  الكيميائي النسيجي  المناعي لمؤشر التكاثرKi-67  كان موجبا في  24 عينة للسرطان الكيسي الغدي23 عينة للسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة .        لوحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية لل.CD105  في السرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة.        لوحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية لمؤشر التكاثر Ki-67. في السرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة.         لوحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية لل CD105. ومؤشر التكاثرKi-67  مع جنس المريض والموقع التشريحي ومكان تحديد الانتشار في السرطان الكيسي الغدي و السرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة.         لوحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية لل CD105. ومؤشر التكاثرKi-67  مع درجة التمايز في السرطان الكيسي الغدي. الاستنتاجات        في هذه الدراسة ظهر ان ال CD105 ومؤشر التكاثر Ki-67  تلعب دور مهم في تقييم المرض ولا يمكن اعتبارها غير مهمة في مجال تقييم المرض.  ان الاختلاف في الميل البيولوجي ليس له علاقه مع تكوين اوعيه دموية جديدة، ان زباده تكوين الأوعية الدموية يتناسب طرديا مع تكون السرطانات الخبيثة ان ظهور ال CD105 في سرطانات الغدد اللعابية يظهر دوره في تطور السرطانات الخبيثة ودور خلايا الMyoepithelial cell  في السيطرة على تكوين اوعية دموية جديدة  . ان نسبة ظهور مؤشر التكاثر Ki-67 يكون في السرطان الكيسي الغدي اكثر من السرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة.                  هذا التداخل والتفاعل يحفز عمليات بخطوات متعددة تساعد على حدوث سرطان الغدد اللعابية وتساهم في تنظيم عمليات الهجوم والنزعة الخبيثة  لهذه السرطانات. الكلمات الدالة: السرطان الكيسي الغدي، السرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة، الظهور الكيميائي النسيجي المناعي،CD105. مؤشر التكاثرKi-67  .Background: The intersecting clinicopathological features and histological patterns, including cribriform, tubular and solid patterns of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) may end in a problematic diagnosis .ACC has a worse prognosis than  PLGA making distinction important for therapeutic and prognostic purposes . The Aims of this study were to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of CD105 and Ki-67 in adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low grade adeoncarcinoma of the salivary glands and to correlate the immunoexpression of these proteins with the clinicopathological findings. Materials and methods In this retrospective study , fifty  of archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue samples of salivary gland malignancies  were used,  twenty five  blocks of  adenoid cystic carcinomas   and twenty five  blocks of  polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma obtained from the archives of the department of oral pathology / college of dentistry / Baghdad university, Al-Shaheed Ghazi hospital, were included  in our study. Four micrometer sections gained and immunostained using monoclonal antibody against CD105 and Ki-67. The immunoexpression was identified  by the presence of brown stain in the cytoplasm of tumor cell in CD105 and the presence of brown stain in the nucleus  of tumor cell in Ki-67. The proportion of cells that expressed the stain was correlated with the clinicopathological data of the patients. Results: CD105 expression was found positive in 21 cases of ACC and 20cases of PLGA localized in tumor cells.  andKi-67 expression was found positive in 24 cases of ACC and 23 casesof PLGA localized in tumor cells. Non- significant  statistical  relation  (P=0.801) was  detected  regarding CD105  expression  in  both  types  of  tumor and non- significant  statistical  relation (P= 0.852) was detected  regarding Ki-67 expression in both types of tumor . Non- significant  statistical  relation  (P= 0.05) was  detected  regarding CD105 and Ki-67 expression  in relation to sex, site and stage in  both  types  of  tumor. Conclusion: Weak expression CD105 and  Ki-67 in ACC and PLGA  might be explained by CD105 and  Ki-67 did  not represent an exclusive factors consequently; other factors might be involved in the proliferation, progression and  metastasis of both tumor types. Key words: Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma , immunohistochemistry, CD105 and Ki-67. &nbsp

Comparison Between Deterministic and Stochastic Model for Interaction (COVID-19) With Host Cells in Humans

في هذا البحث ,تم اقتراح النموذج الحتمي والعشوائي لدراسة تفاعل فيروس كورونا (كوفيد -19) مع الخلايا المضيفة داخل جسم الانسان  .في النموذج الحتمي تحدد قيمة رقم الاستنساخ الأساسي  استمرار أو انقراض كوفيد-19.اذا كان رقم الاستنساخ الأساسي أقل من واحد   فأن خلية واحدة مصابة ستصيب أقل من خلية واحدة ,وهذا يعني ان الشخص الذي يحمل فيروس كورونا قد تم شفاؤه. اذا كان رقم الاستنساخ الاساسي اكبر من واحد  ستكون الخلية المصابة قادرة على القضاء على مجموعة الخلايا المستهدفة .في النموذج التصادفي , نثبت أنه اذا كانت المعلمات التصادفية  كبيرة بدرجة كافية فأن هذه المعلمات التصادفية تعطينا  الانقراض النهائي للمرض على الرغم من رقم الاستنساخ الاساسي اكبر من واحد . وقد تم أثبات هذه الحقائق أيضا من خلال المحاكاة الحاسوبية.In this paper, the deterministic and the stochastic models are proposed to study the interaction of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) with host cells inside the human body. In the deterministic model, the value of the basic reproduction number   determines the persistence or extinction of the COVID-19. If   , one infected cell will transmit the virus to less than one cell, as a result,  the person carrying the Coronavirus will get rid of the disease .If   the infected cell  will be able to infect  all  cells that contain ACE receptors. The stochastic model proves that if  are sufficiently large then maybe  give  us ultimate disease extinction although ,  and this  facts also proved by computer simulation

Effect of Information and Communication Technology Investment on the Profitability of the Jordanian Commercial Banks

The objective of this research paper is to evaluate the effect of investment in information and communication technologies on the profitability and performance of the Jordanian commercial banks, whether it helps to improve sales or it helps to reduce the overall operating expenses. To arrive at this objective, the researchers used Cobb-Douglas production function as a proxy to measure these effects. The researchers used two measures of profit: ROA and ROE as dependent variables for this purpose, depending on the annual reports of the sample Jordanian commercial banks as a source for the raw data that was used in the analysis for the period between 2006 to 2013. SPSS  was used as a statistical tool for the arrangement of data and mutable regression  was used as a statistical tool for the analysis. From the analysis of the study, the following conclusion was reached: there is a positive effect of investment in information and technologies on the profitability and performance of the sample Jordanian commercial banks used in this research. Keywords: Information and communication technology, Investment, Profitability, Commercial banks, Jordan.

A Second-Order Single Loop Oversampling Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) with Proposed Hybrid Feedforward/Feedback Architecture

This paper proposes hybrid architecture of feedforward/feedback second order single-loop modulator for high resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) applications. Different techniques for oversampling modulator are discussed. The proposed architecture consists of three stages. The first stage is 2nd order single loop oversampling ADC with novel feedforward/feedback architecture. In the second stage, an error cancellation circuit (ECC) is proposed at the output of the modulator to noise shaping of quantization noise. In addition, the third stage is a decimation filter in order to reduce the oversampling ratio (OSR) which is suitable for broadband applications. With low OSR=24, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is improved about 55 dB if compared with traditional architecture (feedback singleloop high order topology). The achieved resolution or the effective number of bits (ENOB) is (22-bit). With high OSR=256, the net improvement in quantization noise reduction is 64 dB if compared with feedforward architecture (single-loop high order) and the ENOB=28. Finally a 1-bit quantizer is used in the proposed architecture which greatly decreases the circuit implementation complexity and power consumption. Simulation results show the superiority performance of proposed hybrid architecture as compared with traditional modulator topologies (feedforward and feedback)

Factors affecting pedestrian walking speeds

The movement of pedestrians in the urban environment is vital for sustaining the social and economic relationships essential to the quality of life. To enable and encourage walking, suitable facilities must be available and planning and implementing such facilities requires an understanding of the characteristics of pedestrian movements. This thesis examined the factors which influence walking speeds, related them to current pedestrian modelling techniques and developed a series of new models to improve their estimation. A comprehensive review of current practices and procedures for modelling pedestrian walking speeds was carried out, identifying the factors currently used in existing methodology and highlighted its deficiencies. A significant finding from this study was that the industry-standard Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) methodology as it currently stands is not fully applicable to the types of walking environments that were the subject of this research (on-street walkways in UK shopping and Central Business District areas). It was shown there is a need to provide more holistic relationships which take into account the interactions between the characteristics of pedestrians and their walking environments (both built and natural). A number of additional factors which have a significant affect on walking speeds were identified and a series of new statistical relationships were developed which were also tested and validated against independent data. The predictive performance of the new models was also compared against the leading industry-standard methodology and shown to provide significantly better estimates. Future areas of research were also identified and described. The research thus provided a greater understanding of the dynamics affecting walking speeds, thereby helping to assist transport planners and engineers with the study and design of suitable pedestrian facilities.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Screening of New Schiff Bases Linked to Phthalimidyl Phenyl Sulfonate Moiety

A series of Schiff bases linked to phthalimidyl phenyl sulfonate moiety have been synthesized via multistep synthesis. The first step involved reaction of phthalic anhydride with aniline producing N-phenyl phthalamic acid which was subsequently dehydrated to the corresponding N-phenyl phthalimide via treatment with acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate. The synthesized imide was treated with chlorosulfonic acid in the third step producing 4-(N-phthalimidyl) phenyl sulfonyl chloride which was introduced in reaction with 4-hydroxy acetophenone in the fourth step producing 4-[4-(N-phthalimidyl) phenyl sulfonate] acetophenone and this in turn was introduced successfully in condensation reaction with various aromatic primary amines affording the desired new Schiff bases. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized through spectral data including FTIR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR. Antimicrobial activity of the prepared Schiff bases was evaluated against two types of bacteria and one type of fungi and the new Schiff bases were found to exhibit good antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms

2nd order Incremental Data Weighted Averaging (IDWA) Technique to Reduce In-band Tones of an 8-bit Digitalto- Analog Convertor (DAC)

A second order of IDWA (Incremental data weighted averaging) technique is proposed to improve 8-bit digital-to-analog convertor (DAC). In addition, this paper discusses the impact of mismatch between DAC unit elements. The Proposed IDWA/8-DAC circuits, which results in a completely second order mismatch noise shaping while solving in band tone problem. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the IDWA technique in reduction of inband tones, also IDWA technique proves its ability to solve DAC unit elements mismatch. The inband tones are converted into a broadband. It was found that IDWA algorithm proves its ability to solve this problem. The inband tone reduction is improved 8 dB if, element mismatch, =0.01 and 7 dB if =0.08 with proposed IDWA, thus improving the DAC performance if compared with DAC performance without using IDWA circuit. MATLAB (V.7.12) program is used for simulation