Caracterización del proceso de internacionalización de las PyME ecuatorianas

Alrededor de este estudio, basado en un enfoque descriptivo, se encuentran una serie de insumos que ayudan a conocer el potencial de internacionalización que está detrás de las unidades productivas clasificadas dentro de la categoría de pequeñas y medianas empresas (PyME); de esta manera se contribuye a la generación de lineamientos clave, por un lado, para el proceso de toma de decisiones gerenciales y el diseño de políticas públicas nacionales y/o locales y, por otro, para la presentación de interrogantes que motiven al desarrollo futuro de investigaciones nuevas, con un enfoque explicativo, relacionadas al espacio de la internacionalización comercial del tejido productivo nacional

Análisis y evaluación de riesgos de la información en las oficinas de Comfaoriente Seccional Pamplona basado en la Norma ISO/IEC 27000:2013.

Las oficinas de Comfaoriente seccional Pamplona cuentan con una infraestructura tecnológica para cumplir su trabajo como caja de compensación familiar y otros servicios que presta. De esta forma cuenta con equipos de cómputo en donde se puede ingresar a una plataforma en donde se realiza todos los procesos que esta entidad lleva a cabo subiendo la información a bases de datos. La información que se recolecta tiene como principal objetivo que llegue a la central de las oficinas en Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, las cuales son las encargadas de manejar la seguridad de la información en la seccional Pamplona. Debido a esto no se realizan revisiones periódicas sino cuando ya se presenta algún problema. Debido a esto se deben realizar algunas recomendaciones y controles para evitar la pérdida o fuga de información que perjudique a la caja de compensación y a los usuarios de la misma. Por lo que mediante un análisis y evaluación de riesgos se tendrá en cuenta la seguridad existente y sus falencias, para esto se tienen en cuenta la observación a los equipos y el manejo de los mismos, así como la información prestada por funcionarios encargados de los sistemas informáticos mediante entrevistas que pretenden establecer numerosos factores que intervienen como vulnerabilidades, amenazas, entre otros.The offices of Comfaoriente sectional Pamplona have a technological infrastructure to fulfill their work as a family compensation fund and other services provided. In this way, it has computer equipment in which it is possible to enter a platform where all the processes carried out by this entity are carried out by uploading the information to databases. The main objective of the information that is collected is that it reaches the headquarters of the offices in Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, which are in charge of managing the security of information in the Pamplona branch. Due to this, periodic reviews are not made until a problem has already occurred. Due to this, some recommendations and controls must be made to avoid the loss or leakage of information that harms the compensation box and the users of it. Therefore, through an analysis and evaluation of risks, the existing security and its shortcomings will be taken into account, for this, the observation of the equipment and the management of the same, as well as the information provided by officials in charge of the systems, are taken into account. computer networks through interviews that seek to establish numerous factors that intervene as vulnerabilities, threats, among others

CONTROLADOR PID PARA SISTEMA MASA-RESORTE-AMORTIGUADOR USANDO ZIEGLER Y NICHOLS

En este artículo se presenta un sistema mecánico masa-resorte-amortiguador en donde se tienen configuraciones en serie y paralelo de resortes y amortiguadores que van conectados a una masa, al realizar el análisis de este sistema se calcula un coeficiente de elasticidad equivalente y un coeficiente de amortiguamiento equivalente, teniendo en cuenta que cada configuración tiene una ecuación característica que permite este cálculo. De allí se obtiene la ecuación diferencial que modela el sistema en donde se puede observar el comportamiento del mismo, después se lleva la ecuación diferencia a representación en ecuaciones de estado para simplificar el modelo del sistema y se realiza la transformada de Laplace de las mismas para hallar la función de transferencia del modelo. Teniendo todo este proceso realizado se  busca sintonizar un controlador PID utilizando los dos métodos gráficos de Ziegler – Nichols

New bioreactor for mechanical stimulation of cultured tendon-like constructs: design and validation.

[EN] Objective: Although several different types of bioreactors are currently available with mechanical stimulation of constructs or prostheses for tendon regeneration, they are in many cases expensive and difficult to operate. This paper proposes a simple bioreactor to mechanically stimulate up to three constructs for tendon and ligament repair, composed of a stainless-steel frame and an electric motor. Methods: The deformation is produced by a cam wheel, whose eccentricity defines the maximum deformation. The test samples, braids of PLA seeded in surface with mouse fibroblasts, are immersed in the culture medium during mechanical stimulation. Results: Its advantages over existing similar bioreactor designs include: easy renewal of the culture medium and an external electric motor to avoid heating and contamination issues. After 14 days of stretching, the culture samples showed enhanced cellular proliferation and cell fiber alignment in addition to higher production of type I collagen. The cells initially seeded on the braid surface migrated to the inside of the braid. Conclusion: Although the results obtained have a poor statistical basis, they do suggest that the bioreactor could be usefully applied to stimulate constructs for tendon and ligament repair. Anyway, further experiments should be conducted in the future.This paper was funded through a researching contract with the Researching Association of the Textil Industries (AITEX, Alcoi, Spain).Araque Monrós, MC.; Gil-Santos, L.; Monleón Pradas, M.; Más Estellés, J. (2020). New bioreactor for mechanical stimulation of cultured tendon-like constructs: design and validation. Expert Review of Medical Devices. 17(10):1115-1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2020.1825072111511211710Murray, G. A. W., & Semple, J. C. (1979). A review of work on artificial tendons. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 1(3), 177-184. doi:10.1016/0141-5425(79)90040-2Ricci, J. L., Gona, A. G., Alexander, H., & Parsons, J. R. (1984). Morphological characteristics of tendon cells cultured on synthetic fibers. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 18(9), 1073-1087. doi:10.1002/jbm.820180910HUNTER, J. M., & SALISBURY, R. E. (1971). Flexor-Tendon Reconstruction in Severely Damaged Hands. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 53(5), 829-858. doi:10.2106/00004623-197153050-00001Hunter, J. M., Singer, D. I., Jaeger, S. H., & Mackin, E. J. (1988). Active tendon implants in flexor tendon reconstruction. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 13(6), 849-859. doi:10.1016/0363-5023(88)90259-6Walden, G., Liao, X., Donell, S., Raxworthy, M. J., Riley, G. P., & Saeed, A. (2017). A Clinical, Biological, and Biomaterials Perspective into Tendon Injuries and Regeneration. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 23(1), 44-58. doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0181Araque Monrós C, Gil Santos L, Gironés Bernabé S, et al. Universitat Politècnica de València. Procedimiento de obtención de una prótesis biodegradable. Patent of invention nº P201130919. 2011.Freeman, J. W., Woods, M. D., & Laurencin, C. T. (2007). Tissue engineering of the anterior cruciate ligament using a braid–twist scaffold design. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(9), 2029-2036. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.09.025Laurencin, C. T., & Freeman, J. W. (2005). Ligament tissue engineering: An evolutionary materials science approach. Biomaterials, 26(36), 7530-7536. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.073Merolli, A., & Joyce, T. J. (Eds.). (2009). Biomaterials in Hand Surgery. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1195-3Moreau, J. E., Bramono, D. S., Horan, R. L., Kaplan, D. L., & Altman, G. H. (2008). Sequential Biochemical and Mechanical Stimulation in the Development of Tissue-Engineered Ligaments. Tissue Engineering Part A, 14(7), 1161-1172. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0147Nirmalanandhan, V. S., Rao, M., Shearn, J. T., Juncosa-Melvin, N., Gooch, C., & Butler, D. L. (2008). Effect of scaffold material, construct length and mechanical stimulation on the in vitro stiffness of the engineered tendon construct. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(4), 822-828. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.11.009Sumanasinghe, R. D., Osborne, J. A., & Loboa, E. G. (2008). Mesenchymal stem cell‐seeded collagen matrices for bone repair: Effects of cyclic tensile strain, cell density, and media conditions on matrix contraction in vitro. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 88A(3), 778-786. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.31913Saber, S., Zhang, A. Y., Ki, S. H., Lindsey, D. P., Smith, R. L., Riboh, J., … Chang, J. (2010). Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Bioreactor Cyclic Strain Increases Construct Strength. Tissue Engineering Part A, 16(6), 2085-2090. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0032Tohyama, H., & Yasuda, K. (2000). The effects of stress enhancement on the extracellular matrix and fibroblasts in the patellar tendon. Journal of Biomechanics, 33(5), 559-565. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00217-1Wang, T., Lin, Z., Day, R. E., Gardiner, B., Landao-Bassonga, E., Rubenson, J., … Zheng, M. H. (2013). Programmable mechanical stimulation influences tendon homeostasis in a bioreactor system. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 110(5), 1495-1507. doi:10.1002/bit.24809Wang, T., Gardiner, B. S., Lin, Z., Rubenson, J., Kirk, T. B., Wang, A., … Zheng, M. H. (2013). Bioreactor Design for Tendon/Ligament Engineering. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 19(2), 133-146. doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0295Abousleiman, R. I., Reyes, Y., McFetridge, P., & Sikavitsas, V. (2009). Tendon Tissue Engineering Using Cell-Seeded Umbilical Veins Cultured in a Mechanical Stimulator. Tissue Engineering Part A, 15(4), 787-795. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0102Masuda, T., Takahashi, I., Anada, T., Arai, F., Fukuda, T., Takano-Yamamoto, T., & Suzuki, O. (2008). Development of a cell culture system loading cyclic mechanical strain to chondrogenic cells. Journal of Biotechnology, 133(2), 231-238. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.08.007Xu, Z. C., Zhang, W. J., Li, H., Cui, L., Cen, L., Zhou, G. D., … Cao, Y. (2008). Engineering of an elastic large muscular vessel wall with pulsatile stimulation in bioreactor. Biomaterials, 29(10), 1464-1472. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.037TC-3F Ebers Medical Technology, S.L. [cited 2019 May 15]. Available from: https://ebersmedical.com/tissue-engineering/bioreactors/load-culture/tc-3f-bioreactor.CellScale biomaterials testing. [cited 2020 Mar 16]. Available from: https://cellscale.com/https://www.cellscale.com/products/mct6Lim, W. L., Liau, L. L., Ng, M. H., Chowdhury, S. R., & Law, J. X. (2019). Current Progress in Tendon and Ligament Tissue Engineering. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 16(6), 549-571. doi:10.1007/s13770-019-00196-wOftadeh, R., Connizzo, B. K., Nia, H. T., Ortiz, C., & Grodzinsky, A. J. (2018). Biological connective tissues exhibit viscoelastic and poroelastic behavior at different frequency regimes: Application to tendon and skin biophysics. Acta Biomaterialia, 70, 249-259. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.041Vashaghian, M., Diedrich, C. M., Zandieh-Doulabi, B., Werner, A., Smit, T. H., & Roovers, J. P. (2019). Gentle cyclic straining of human fibroblasts on electrospun scaffolds enhances their regenerative potential. Acta Biomaterialia, 84, 159-168. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.034Helms, F., Lau, S., Klingenberg, M., Aper, T., Haverich, A., Wilhelmi, M., & Böer, U. (2019). Complete Myogenic Differentiation of Adipogenic Stem Cells Requires Both Biochemical and Mechanical Stimulation. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 48(3), 913-926. doi:10.1007/s10439-019-02234-zAraque-Monrós, M. C., García-Cruz, D. M., Escobar-Ivirico, J. L., Gil-Santos, L., Monleón-Pradas, M., & Más-Estellés, J. (2019). Regenerative and Resorbable PLA/HA Hybrid Construct for Tendon/Ligament Tissue Engineering. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 48(2), 757-767. doi:10.1007/s10439-019-02403-0Yang, G., Crawford, R. C., & Wang, J. H.-C. (2004). Proliferation and collagen production of human patellar tendon fibroblasts in response to cyclic uniaxial stretching in serum-free conditions. Journal of Biomechanics, 37(10), 1543-1550. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.01.005Surrao, D. C., Fan, J. C. Y., Waldman, S. D., & Amsden, B. G. (2012). A crimp-like microarchitecture improves tissue production in fibrous ligament scaffolds in response to mechanical stimuli. Acta Biomaterialia, 8(10), 3704-3713. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.016Wang, J. H.-C. (2006). Mechanobiology of tendon. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(9), 1563-1582. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.011Zhang, C., Zhu, J., Zhou, Y., Thampatty, B. P., & Wang, J. H.-C. (2019). Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells and Their Interactions with Extracellular Matrix and Mechanical Loading. Stem Cells International, 2019, 1-10. doi:10.1155/2019/367464

Tenocytic induction of stem cells from bone marrow on polymeric microparticles for a new concept of tendon regenerative prosthesis

A new concept of a regenerative and resorbable prosthesis for tendon and ligament has been developed. The prosthesis consists of a poly-lactide acid (PLA) braid, microparticles in its interior serving as cell carriers, and a surface non-adherent coating. The aim of this study is to select the most suitable support, microparticles of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) or chitosan (CHT), for carrying the cells inside the hollow PLA braid. Microparticles of these polymers were manufactured and blended with microparticles of hyaluronic acid (HA). All of them were physically and biologically characterized. Cell viability, morphology and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on the different supports were evaluated and compared, revealing that PLLA microparticles were the most appropriate to be used as injectable cell-carrier. Finally, hMSCs differentiation into tenocytes was carried out on PLLA microparticles using bone morphogenetic protein-12 (BMP-12) and a mixture of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF-1). Cell morphology was analyzed by electronic and confocal microscopy and cell differentiation was evaluated immunocytochemically for the presence of type I collagen and tenomodulin. Besides, the tenomodulin and decorin gene expression were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Our results showed that the medium supplemented with BMP-12 promoted higher expression of tenomodulin and decorin, both of them differentiation markers of tenocytes. This approach might be relevant to future tissue engineering applications in reconstruction of tendon and ligament defects. Authors acknowledge support of the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III through CIBERbbn and the Spanish Network on Cell Therapy (Red TerCel) initiatives.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Diseño del modelo de control de costos operacionales para Amerisur exploración Colombia limitada

El presente trabajo de grado está enmarcado en el diseño de un modelo de control de costos que permita controlar y rentabilizar la operación de Amerisur en Colombia. Dicho diseño describe los conjuntos de técnicas y procedimientos con los que se planifican y se entienden los costos y los gastos en los que se incurre en el proceso de producción del crudo en su campo productor. Con lo anterior se pudieron identificar en forma correcta los costos, lo que permitió medir el desempeño de cada una de las actividades con el fin de tomar decisiones estratégicas sobre mantener un pozo productor o abandonarlo.Through this academic piece we intend to create a business control cost design that will identify and explain all variable and fixed costs that are incurred in oil production at Amerisur Colombia. This academic work, captures operations, profitability, techniques and external factors that make the functionality of the company and projects possible. In addition, the results of this investigation left us with tangible and useful information that could be used to identify if the company should continue or stop working on a specific project due to its profitability and efficiency

Estudio de la anisotropía de una fuente de Am-Be de 111 GBq

Se ha estudiado la anisotropía de una fuente de Am-Be de 111 GBq (3Ci) mediante el uso de un pequeño motor que permite girar paso a paso la fuente situada en su posición de irradiación habitual. Las medidas se han realizado con un contador proporcional de 3He alojado en el interior de una esfera moderadora de 8” correspondiente a un sistema de espectrometría de esferas Bonner. Se reportan los resultados obtenidos y el factor de anisotropía determinado para esta fuente

Desarrollo del Scor Model para la cadena de suministro, de la facultad de ingeniería, Universidad Libre, sede Bosque Popular, Bogotá.

El presente trabajo muestra cómo se desarrolló el modelo SCOR en la cadena de suministro de la Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Libre, Bogotá D.C. Proceso que tuvo su punto de partida en la caracterización de la cadena de suministro, y de los sistemas de información y comunicación de la Universidad, teniendo en cuenta los procesos misionales de la Facultad, el marco legal y normativo del proyecto, y a su vez basados en la información recopilada en entrevistas realizadas a los directivos de cada área involucrada en el funcionamiento tanto académico como administrativo de la Universidad. Como consecuencia de la caracterización, se realizó un estudio interno de la Facultad, mediante un análisis estratégico que permitió establecer sus fortalezas, amenazas, debilidades y oportunidades. Este análisis fue complementado con la aplicación de la matriz de vester que permitió evaluar cada una de las áreas involucradas en la cadena de abastecimiento de la Universidad Libre. Continuamente se definieron las herramientas para el análisis y evaluación de la situación actual de los procesos de planeación, abastecimiento, ejecución, distribución y apoyo, bajo los criterios del modelo SCOR, logrando la descomposición de la cadena de suministro en los primeros III niveles del modelo (Nivel superior, nivel de configuración y nivel de elementos de procesos), con los cuales se estableció la situación (AS–IS) de la cadena suministro de la Facultad de Ingeniería, en cada uno de estos niveles se realizó unas serie de actividades las cuales están encaminadas a estudiar cada uno de los componentes de dicha cadena. En el empalme del modelo con la cadena de suministros de la Facultad, debido a la complejidad del proceso de formación académica de profesionales, se complementaron los parámetros del modelo, con los factores de evaluación que establece el CNA (Consejo Nacional de Acreditación), para evaluar las instituciones de educación superior de país. Esta evaluación permitió conocer las desconexiones que existen en la cadena de suministro, para de esta forma proponer las mejores prácticas las cuales van a ser validadas por medio de una simulación, con el fin alinear los y así prestar un servicio eficiente, mejorando la efectividad de los procesos administrativos de la Facultad.This paper shows how developed the SCOR Model in Supply Chain , Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Libre, Bogota D.C. Process that had its starting point in the representation of the supply chain, and information and communication systems of the University, taking into account the processes of the College mission, the legal and regulatory framework of the project, and in turn based on information gathered in interviews with the managers of each area involved in both academic and administrative functioning of the University. As a consequence of the representation, made an internal study of the Faculty, through strategic analysis allowed to establish their strengths, threats, weaknesses and opportunities. This analysis was complemented with the application of Vester matrix was used for evaluating each of the areas involved in the supply chain of the Universidad Libre. Was defined tools for analysis and evaluation of the current status of planning processes, procurement, implementation, distribution and support under the SCOR Model criteria, making the breakdown of the supply chain in the first model III levels (Upper level, configuration level and process level elements), which was established with the situation (AS-IS) supply chain, Faculty of Engineering, in each of these levels was performed a series of activities the which are designed to study each of the components of the chain. In the joint model with the supply chain of the School, due to the complexity of the academic training of professionals, complemented Model parameters, with the evaluation factors established by the CNA (Consejo Nacional de Acreditación) for evaluate higher education institutions country. This evaluation allowed to know the disconnects that exist in the supply chain, to thus propose best practices which will be validated through a simulation, to align processes and supply chain and provide a service efficiently while improving the effectiveness of administrative processes of the Faculty

Study of degradation of a new PLA braided biomnaterial in buffer phosphate saline, basic and acid media, intended for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Polymer Degradation and Stability. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Polymer Degradation and Stability, [Volume 98, Issue 9, September 2013, Pages 1563–1570] DOI 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.031The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydrolytic degradation on the properties of a PLA hollow braid designed as a new concept of biodegradable prosthesis for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments. The main function of the braided material is to bear mechanical loads while it is being replaced by the newly-generated tissue. The kinetics of braided material degradation is thus an important factor in determining the success of the product. In order to study this mechanism, PLA braid was subjected to a 12-month degradation process at 37 °C in PBS at pH 7.4 (to simulate the human physiological medium) and to accelerated degradation for one month in pH 12 and pH 3 solutions. Degradation of the braid subjected to hydrolysis was evaluated by weight loss, molecular weight distribution, mechanical properties, and calorimetric and morphologic analyses. The weight loss in a basic medium reached 21%, versus no significant change in the other media. Average molecular weight was reduced by approximately 50% in the three media, with loss of mechanical properties in all cases. The morphological changes were more evident in the PLA degraded in the basic medium. The crystallinity of the material increased at the first stages of degradation, regardless of the medium used.This work has been carried out thanks to the financial support of AITEX (Valencia, Spain).Araque Monrós, MC.; Vidaurre, A.; Gil Santos, L.; Gironés Bernabé, S.; Monleón Pradas, M.; Más Estellés, J. (2013). Study of degradation of a new PLA braided biomnaterial in buffer phosphate saline, basic and acid media, intended for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 98(9):1563-1570. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.031S1563157098