Segundo Mercado: balance y propuestas para su profundización desde la perspectiva de las pequeñas y medianas empresas

La resolución 400 de 1995 -cuyas disposicionesse encuentran hoy contenidas en el decreto 2555de 2010- reguló el segundo mercado y estableciórequisitos para facilitar el acceso y permanencia delas PYMES como emisores en el mercado de valorescolombiano. A pesar de lo anterior, en el último listadode ofertas autorizadas por la SuperintendenciaFinanciera, dirigidas al segundo mercado, se encontróque no existen emisores que se encuadren enel concepto legal de PYME. Debido a esto, el propósitodel presente estudio consiste en evaluar elestado actual del segundo mercado en Colombia einternacionalmente, y formular propuestas orientadasa que las PYMES se vinculen como emisores enel mercado de valores colombiano, lo que contribuiráa su mayor profundización.segundo mercado, PYMES, pequeñasy medianas empresas, mercado de valores colombiano,regulación

Emociones y habilidades comunicativas en la convivencia escolar en la IE Rural del Sur de Tunja

La comunidad de la Institución Educativa Rural del Sur, en Tunja, presenta una problemática relacionada con el maltrato físico y verbal entre estudiantes, acompañado de dificultades en las relaciones personales y rendimiento académico, atribuibles a un contexto social, en el que sus emociones no se desarrollan adecuadamente. Con base en esta situación, este artículo reporta avances de una investigación que se realiza para obtener el título de magister en educación; cuyo objetivo es ofrecer un marco de comprensión y reflexión de la influencia de las emociones en el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas, como parte de una educación integral que garantice una adecuada convivencia escolar. Se propone para esto, el desarrollo de una investigación cualitativa, utilizando estrategias de acción, con base en postulados de Pedagogía del Amor de H. Maturana, haciendo énfasis en el discurso y las experiencias de los estudiantes y docentes en problemas reales relacionados con el contexto cotidiano. El desarrollo del trabajo se resume en cuatro fases: planeación, observación, acción y reflexión. Los resultados se analizan de forma retrospectiva, donde la observación directa, registro de campo, entrevistas a docentes y niños han dado paso a planes de acción y análisis en el vivir y convivir en la escuela

Preservation of critical quality attributes of mesenchymal stromal cells in 3D bioprinted structures by using natural hydrogel scaffolds

Three dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging technology that enables complex spatial modeling of cell-based tissue engineering products, whose therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine is enormous. However, its success largely depends on the definition of a bioprintable zone, which is specific for each combination of cell-loaded hydrogels (or bioinks) and scaffolds, matching the mechanical and biological characteristics of the target tissue to be repaired. Therefore proper adjustment of the bioink formulation requires a compromise between: (i) the maintenance of cellular critical quality attributes (CQA) within a defined range of specifications to cell component, and (ii) the mechanical characteristics of the printed tissue to biofabricate. Herein, we investigated the advantages of using natural hydrogel-based bioinks to preserve the most relevant CQA in bone tissue regeneration applications, particularly focusing on cell viability and osteogenic potential of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) displaying tripotency in vitro, and a phenotypic profile of 99.9% CD105(+)/CD45,(-) 10.3% HLA-DR,(+) 100.0% CD90,(+) and 99.2% CD73(+)/CD31(-) expression. Remarkably, hyaluronic acid, fibrin, and gelatin allowed for optimal recovery of viable cells, while preserving MSC's proliferation capacity and osteogenic potency in vitro. This was achieved by providing a 3D structure with a compression module below 8.8 +/- 0.5 kPa, given that higher values resulted in cell loss by mechanical stress. Beyond the biocompatibility of naturally occurring polymers, our results highlight the enhanced protection on CQA exerted by bioinks of natural origin (preferably HA, gelatin, and fibrin) on MSC, bone marrow during the 3D bioprinting process, reducing shear stress and offering structural support for proliferation and osteogenic differentiation

Molecular Epidemiology of mcr-Encoded Colistin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae From Food-Producing Animals in Italy Revealed Through the EU Harmonized Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring

Colistin resistance by mobilisable mcr genes has been described in bacteria of food-animal origin worldwide, which has raised public health concerns about its potential foodborne transmission to human pathogenic bacteria. Here we provide baseline information on the molecular epidemiology of colistin-resistant, mcr-positive Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates in food-producing animals in Italy in 2014-2015. A total 678, 861 and 236 indicator E. coli, Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC-producing E. coli, and Salmonella isolates, respectively, were tested for colistin susceptibility. These isolates were collected according to the EU harmonized antimicrobial resistance monitoring program and are representative of at least 90 and 80% of the Italian poultry (broiler chickens and turkeys) and livestock (pigs and bovines < 12 months) production, respectively. Whole genome sequencing by Illumina technology and bioinformatics (Center for Genomic Epidemiology pipeline) were used to type 42 mcr-positive isolates by PCR. Colistin resistance was mainly observed in the ESBL/AmpC E. coli population, and was present in 25.9, 5.3, 6.5, and 3.9% of such isolates in turkeys, broilers, pigs, and bovines, respectively. Most colistin-resistant isolates (141/161, 87.5%) harbored genes of the mcr-1 group. mcr-1 was also detected in a small proportion of Salmonella isolates (3/146, 2.0%) in turkeys. Additional mcr types were mcr-3 in four ESBL-producing E. coli from bovines, and two mcr-4 in ESBL (n = 1) and indicator E. coli (n = 1) from pigs and bovines. We describe notable diversity of mcr variants with predominance of mcr-1.1 and mcr-1.2 on conjugative IncX4 plasmids in E. coli and in Salmonella serovars Typhimurium, Newport, Blockley from turkey. A new variant, mcr-1.13 was detected in the chromosome in E. coli in turkey and pig isolates. Additionally, we describe mcr-3.2 and mcr-4.3 in E. coli from bovines, and mcr-4.2 in E. coli from pigs. These findings elucidate the epidemiology of colistin resistance in food-producing animals in Italy along with its genetic background, and highlight the likelihood of mcr horizontal transfer between commensal bacteria and major food-borne pathogens (Salmonella) within the same type of productions. Thorough action and strategies are needed in order to mitigate the risk of mcr transfer to humans, in a “One Health” perspective

A New Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme and Its Application for the Characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae Associated with Mortality in Cetaceans

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (PDD) is a known pathogen of fish, humans and marine mammals. In this study, a Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme based on six housekeeping genes (glp, gyrB, metG, pnt, pyrC and toxR) was developed to better understand the PDD population structure and used to type 73 PDD isolates from cetaceans, mainly striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) involved in mortality episodes, and from a few marine chelonians. Five reference ATCC strains were also included in the study. Typing allowed the discrimination of groups of PDD strains isolated from different host species, at different times and from different geographic areas, suggesting that a clonal PDD group may have spread in the Tyrrhenian sea at the time of an Unusual Mortality Event (UME) among cetaceans, mainly striped dolphins, occurred in early 2013 along the Italian western coasts

Promoción de derechos sexuales y reproductivos en adolescentes de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca y Lebrija –Colombia.

RESUMENIntroducción: la educación para la sexualidad en el ámbito escolar, es una forma de promover la salud,  y es obligatoria conforme a la legislación vigente para el sector educativo. Sin embargo no hay suficiente formación docente para abordarla de manera apropiada y asegurar resultados favorables para las y los jóvenes; por ello se diseñó e implementó un programa para docentes, orientado a promover la salud sexual y reproductiva en adolescentes con perspectiva de derechos y de género. Metodología: se realizó revisión y articulación de materiales educativos, levantamiento de línea de base, desarrollo del proceso formativo con docentes, asistencia técnica y acompañamiento a docentes y levantamiento de línea de resultados utilizando los mismos instrumentos y población de la línea de base. Resultados: se trabajó en 5 instituciones educativas, con 142 docentes y 80 grupos de estudiantes correspondientes a 2.735. Luego del proceso realizado, se encontraron modificaciones favorables en el conocimiento y manejo de los temas de sexualidad, derechos sexuales y reproductivos y habilidades para la vida en docentes y estudiantes. Conclusiones:  realizar un proceso de educación para la sexualidad desde la promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar con enfoque de DSR y HpV permite la apropiación de información y herramientas pedagógicas y didácticas a docentes para que  a su vez sean trabajadas con estudiantes, aportando fortalezas para su vida, modificando el enfoque biologicista desde el que usualmente se ha  abordado el tema de la sexualidad. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (3): 13-23Palabras clave: Adolescentes, Sexualidad, Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos, Educación.ABSTRACTIntroduction: the education for sexuality within the scholar context is a way to promote health and it is mandatory according to the current legislation. However, there is not enough teacher training to approach this subject properly to assure positive results in youngsters. Hence, a program for teachers to promote sexual and reproductive health in teenagers was designed and implemented. This program was created within framework of rights and gender and was based on three types of teaching materials. Methodology: the program was developed in the next phases: revision and articulation of teaching materials, definition of a base line, development of the training process with teachers, technical assistance and support to teachers, construction of a line of results using the same instruments and target population from the base line. Results: the program was developed in 5 educational institutions, with 142 teachers and 2.735 students divided in 80 groups. After the program implementation, it was found favorable changes in teachers and students in their knowledge of sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, and their way to handle these issues. They also showed a general improvement of their life skills. Conclusions: to develop a process of education for sexuality from the promotion of health in the scholar context (with sexual and reproductive rights and life skills approaches), facilitates the appropriation of information and pedagogical and didactic tools for teachers, and for their work with students, strengthening their life skills and modifying the biologicist approach, from which the topic of sexuality is usually addressed. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (3): 13-23key words: adolescents, sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, educatio

Promoción de derechos sexuales y reproductivos en adolescentes de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca y Lebrija –Colombia.

RESUMENIntroducción: la educación para la sexualidad en el ámbito escolar, es una forma de promover la salud,  y es obligatoria conforme a la legislación vigente para el sector educativo. Sin embargo no hay suficiente formación docente para abordarla de manera apropiada y asegurar resultados favorables para las y los jóvenes; por ello se diseñó e implementó un programa para docentes, orientado a promover la salud sexual y reproductiva en adolescentes con perspectiva de derechos y de género. Metodología: se realizó revisión y articulación de materiales educativos, levantamiento de línea de base, desarrollo del proceso formativo con docentes, asistencia técnica y acompañamiento a docentes y levantamiento de línea de resultados utilizando los mismos instrumentos y población de la línea de base. Resultados: se trabajó en 5 instituciones educativas, con 142 docentes y 80 grupos de estudiantes correspondientes a 2.735. Luego del proceso realizado, se encontraron modificaciones favorables en el conocimiento y manejo de los temas de sexualidad, derechos sexuales y reproductivos y habilidades para la vida en docentes y estudiantes. Conclusiones:  realizar un proceso de educación para la sexualidad desde la promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar con enfoque de DSR y HpV permite la apropiación de información y herramientas pedagógicas y didácticas a docentes para que  a su vez sean trabajadas con estudiantes, aportando fortalezas para su vida, modificando el enfoque biologicista desde el que usualmente se ha  abordado el tema de la sexualidad. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (3): 13-23Palabras clave: Adolescentes, Sexualidad, Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos, Educación.ABSTRACTIntroduction: the education for sexuality within the scholar context is a way to promote health and it is mandatory according to the current legislation. However, there is not enough teacher training to approach this subject properly to assure positive results in youngsters. Hence, a program for teachers to promote sexual and reproductive health in teenagers was designed and implemented. This program was created within framework of rights and gender and was based on three types of teaching materials. Methodology: the program was developed in the next phases: revision and articulation of teaching materials, definition of a base line, development of the training process with teachers, technical assistance and support to teachers, construction of a line of results using the same instruments and target population from the base line. Results: the program was developed in 5 educational institutions, with 142 teachers and 2.735 students divided in 80 groups. After the program implementation, it was found favorable changes in teachers and students in their knowledge of sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, and their way to handle these issues. They also showed a general improvement of their life skills. Conclusions: to develop a process of education for sexuality from the promotion of health in the scholar context (with sexual and reproductive rights and life skills approaches), facilitates the appropriation of information and pedagogical and didactic tools for teachers, and for their work with students, strengthening their life skills and modifying the biologicist approach, from which the topic of sexuality is usually addressed. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (3): 13-23key words: adolescents, sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, educatio

La comprensión lectora desde la alianza fantasía y realidad

En el marco de las Becas por la Excelencia del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, el presente macroproyecto se propone fortalecer la comprensión de lectura de los estudiantes de siete instituciones del municipio de Medellín y una de Belén de Bajirá, aplicando diferentes estrategias de lectura planteadas de acuerdo al contexto. Estas estrategias se organizaron en secuencias didácticas que siguieron la alianza entre la fantasía y la realidad y se eligió como tema integrador los superhéroes. En cada grado de la básica primaria se aplicó una secuencia particular y se implementaron instrumentos de recolección de datos que permitieron hacer análisis de resultados de manera individual, luego por grado para posteriormente analizar la implementación de todos los grados escolares. Además de concluir frente a la implementación y los objetivos de investigación, se aporta a la metodología de investigación en macroproyecto.In the framework of the scholarships of the Ministerio de Educación Nacional, the present large-scale project proposes to strengthen the reading comprehension in seven schools in Medellín and one in Belen de Bajira taking into account the context at the moment to apply teaching-learning strategies. These strategies were organised in didactic sequences that followed the main topic which is reality and fantasy, and superheroes was chosen as the integrated theme. In each group of primary school was applied a particular sequence and was implemented a data collection instrument that allowed to analyze individual and general outcomes. This with the idea to put into practice the didactic sequences in all the school years. And finally, the idea of this large-scale project could help to future teacher to carry this out in their classrooms as a new innovative way to enhance the reading comprehension in all the students

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamento de Norte de Santander

La Historia de muchas regiones de nuestro país en los últimos 40 años ha sido marcada por la violencia y la misma se ha visto ejercida en especial contra miembros de grupos sociales de nivel socioeconómico más bajo, en el caso de los campesinos entre otros. El impacto de la violencia ha dejado muchas secuelas en la vida de las personas víctimas de esta y en la mayoría de casos logra inferir negativamente en la calidad de vida de las personas. El enfoque narrativo sostiene que la identidad se forma principalmente por las narrativas. Con este enfoque se ayuda a las personas a tomar una postura diferente sobre el problema y ayudar a recuperar su vida a partir del problema o experiencia vivida. El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar diferentes eventos psicosociales traumáticos desde el enfoque narrativo para proponer recursos, estrategias para el afrontamiento psicosocial al sufrimiento por la violencia. También se profundizará en el abordaje psicosocial de diferentes contextos de violencia generados dentro del conflicto armando de Colombia a través del análisis de relatos de sobrevivientes, conociendo sus historias para así lograr un abordaje. Han sido muchas las afectaciones y secuelas por las que pasa gran parte del país, actualmente es muy común encontrarnos situaciones de violencia en cada región o simplemente tener una persona cerca que haya sido víctima de violencia, las percusiones que surgen a través de la guerra han costado la vida de muchas personas inocentes, pagando una deuda que nunca adquirieron por decisión de personas inescrupulosas que solo decidieron que así seria. Es fundamental el reconocimiento a las víctimas y compensación por lo mismo, ya que ellos han sido arrebatados gran parte de sus vidas, dejando secuelas emocionales y físicas de la violencia. Son muchas las familias que han sufrido, la perdida de sus familiares, donde muchos niños quedaron huérfanos, tomando malas decisiones en su vida, por el abandono al que fueron expuestos, también fueron muchas madres que les arrebataron a sus hijos dejando atrás ilusiones y sueños por cumplir, un dolor del cual no se recuperarán y que deberán sostenerlo en sus hombros.The history of many regions of our country in the last 40 years has been marked by violence and it has been exercised especially against members of social groups of lower socioeconomic level, in the case of peasants among others. The impact of violence has left many consequences in the lives of the victims of it and in most cases it manages to negatively infer the quality of life of the people. The narrative approach holds that identity is formed primarily by narratives. With this approach, people are helped to take a different position on the problem and help to recover their life from the problem or lived experience. The purpose of this work is to evaluate different traumatic psychosocial events from the narrative approach to propose resources, strategies for psychosocial coping with suffering from violence. It will also deepen the psychosocial approach to different contexts of violence generated within the armed conflict in Colombia through the analysis of stories of survivors, knowing their stories in order to achieve an approach. There have been many effects and consequences that a large part of the country goes through, currently it is very common to find situations of violence in each region or simply to have a person nearby who has been a victim of violence, the percussions that arise through the war have cost the lives of many innocent people, paying a debt that they never acquired by decision of unscrupulous people who only decided that it would be so. Recognition of the victims and compensation for the same is essential, since they have been taken away a large part of their lives, leaving emotional and physical consequences of the violence. There are many families that have suffered, the loss of their relatives, where many children were orphaned, making bad decisions in their lives, due to the abandonment to which they were exposed, there were also many mothers who took their children away, leaving behind illusions and dreams to be fulfilled, a pain from which they will not recover and which they will have to hold on their shoulders

Análisis de los factores inmunohistopatológicos (receptores hormonales, estrógenos, progesterona y ERB-2) asociados al pronóstico del cáncer de mama en la población de Barranquilla (2004- 2005)

Resumen Objetivo: Estudiar los patrones de expresión de los receptores de estrógenos, progestagenos y erb-2 en 85 pacientes atendidas en dos laboratorios de patología de Barranquilla. De Julio del 2004 a diciembre del 2005. Material y metodos: Estudio Descriptivo de corte. Se utilizaron 85 muestras incluidas en parafina de pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama para lo cual, se realizaron estudios inmunohistoquimicos con técnicas de peroxidasa – antiperoxidasa, se utilizaron anticuerpos monoclonales Dako contra estrógenos, progestágenos y ebr-2. Resultados: Se observó carcinoma in situ (4), cáncer mesenquimal (1), carcinoma lobulillar (1) y resto carcinomas ductales infiltrantes grados I, II y III. La inmunohistoquímica mostró positividad para estrógeno y progestágeno a nivel intracelular en 73 casos y negativos para erb-2, 11 fueron negativos para estrógeno y progestágeno, uno fue positivo para ebr-2. Conclusiones: 1. El carcinoma ductal infiltrante grado II y III fue la forma histológica que se presentó con mayor frecuencia (80) casos. 2. El 88,23 % de los casos fueron estrógeno y progestágeno positivos. 3. La relación entre el componente histológico y receptores hormonales positivos, sugieren buen pronóstico. Palabras claves: Cáncer de mama, receptores de estrógenos, receptores de progesterona, ERB-2. Abstract Objectives: To study the patterns of expression of the estrogen, progestagens and erb-2 receptors in 85 patients attended in two pathology laboratories from Barranquilla, from July 2004 to December 2005 Material and methods: This is a descriptive study of cohort. 104 cases were reviewed and 18 were excluded by lack of data. Inmunohistochemistry studies with techniques of peroxidase - antiperoxidase were made, for which Dako monoclonals antibodies against estrogens, progestagens and ebr-2 were used. Results: Four neoplasias were classified as carcinoma in situ, one mesenquimal cancer, one lobulillar carcinoma and the others were infiltrating ductal carcinomas grade I, II and III. The immunohistochemistry studies showed positivity for estrogens and progestagen at the intracellular level in 73 cases and negativity to erb-2, 11 were negative for both estrogen and progestagen and one was positive to ebr-2. Conclusions: 1.The infiltrating ductal carcinoma grades II and III were the histological presentation that appears most frequently (80) cases. 2. 88.03 % of the cases were positive for estrogens and progestagens. 3. The relation between the histological component and the hormonal receptors positivity, suggests a good prognosis. Key words: Breast cancer, estrogen receptors, progestagen receptors, ERB-2, prognosis