A Collect of Recommendations and Guidelines for Management and Treatment of Underlying Malignancies During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the main challenges to public health systems worldwide now. Cancer patients are considered as a high risk group during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the evidence so far, cancer as underlying comorbidities might increase the risk of death in patients with COVID-19. Many cancer patients with increased risk of contracting COVID-19 than the general population regularly visit health facilities for treatment and disease surveillance. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has a profound impact on cancer care and treatment. Here, we attempted to summarize the current suggestions for handling of cancer patients during COVID-19 pandemic. We carried out a integrative literature review using several online bibliographies. A total of 113 papers were accessed for the time frame between October 05 2020 and October 10 2020. After screening of titles and full-texts, 10 publications were selected in this study. In this work some recommendations and guidelines that would help for management and treatment of cancer for the purpose of address the challenges during COVID-19 pandemic were collected. We hope that this collection recommendations and guidelines assist health care providers in management of individuals with underlying malignancy during the COVID-19 pandemic

Improvement of Landfill Leachate Biodegradability with Ultrasonic Process

Leachate from mature landfills is typically characterized by high ammonium (NH4+) content, low biodegradability (low BOD5/COD ratio) and high fraction of refractory and large organic molecules such as humic and fulvic acids. Mature leachate effluents are known to contain recalcitrant and/or non-biodegradable organic substances and biological processes are not efficient in these cases. A promising alternative to complete oxidation of biorecalcitrant leachate is the use of ultrasonic process as pre-treatment to convert initially biorecalcitrant compounds to more readily biodegradable intermediates, followed by biological oxidation of these intermediates to biomass and water. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of son catalysts process on biodegradability improvement. Results showed that when applied as relatively brief pre-treatment systems, the sonocatalysis processes induce several modifications of the matrix, which results in significant enhancement of its biodegradability. For this reason, the integrated chemical–biological systems proposed here represent a suitable solution for the treatment of landfill leachate samples with an efficient remediation of the relevant parameters (COD, TOC)

Regulation of Dendritic Cell Functions by Vitamins as Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Immune System Disorders

A functional immune system is crucial for a healthy life, protecting from infections, tumors, or autoimmune disorders; these are accomplished by the interaction between various immune cells. Nourishment, particularly micronutrients, are very important components in the immune system balance, therefore this review emphasizes the vitamins (D, E, A, C) and Dendritic cells' subsets due to vitamins' roles in immune processes, especially on dendritic cells' functions, maturation, and cytokine production. Current studies reveal significant benefits related to vitamins, including vitamin E, which can contribute to the control of dendritic cells' function and maturation. Furthermore, vitamin D plays an immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory role in the immune system. Metabolite of vitamin A which is called retinoic acid leads to T cells' differentiation to T helper 1 or T helper 17, so low levels of this vitamin exacerbate the menace of infectious diseases, and vitamin C has anti-oxidant effects on dendritic cells and modulate their activation and differentiation program. Additionally, the correlation between the amount of vitamin and the occurrence or progression of allergic diseases and autoimmunity disorders is discussed according to the results of previous studies

Survey of Solid Waste and Wastewater Separate and Combined Management Strategies in Rural Areas of Iran

Background and Purpose: Improper wastewater and solid waste management in rural areas could be a risk to human health and environment pollution. One percent of Iran’s rural area is connected to the wastewater collection network. Solid waste management in rural areas of Iran is mainly consisted uncontrolled dumping and open burning. The aim of this study is prioritization of wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management strategies in rural areas of Iran. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study. In this study, firstly were determined appropriate and conventional methods for wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management by using national and case studies. Then, using specified criteria and by applying a weighting system, prioritization was conducted and implementation strategies presented for wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management. Results: The first priority for the collection and treatment, wastewater in rural areas are smalldiameter gravity systems and preliminary treatment with complementary treatment by land, respectively. In order to the rural solid waste management, organic compost complementary systems were in first priority. In the wastewater and solid waste combined management, the first priority was compost and biogas production by combining anaerobic UASB reactor and Chinese biogas. Conclusion: Considering for influence of various factors in selecting an appropriate method is very important in order to wastewater and solid waste separate and the combined management of a rural. Therefore, the accordance of presenting strategy with local conditions and facilities should be taken into consideration