Diseño de prototipo de almacenamiento de energía en base a bicicleta elíptica

The following article presents the design and fabrication of an energy storage prototype based on an elliptical bicycle and a 36 VDC brushless motor. The article also presents and explains measurements according to tests performed with different configurations in the control circuit and transmission.En el siguiente artículo se presenta el diseño y fabricación de un prototipo de almacenamiento de energía basado bicicleta elíptica y un motor sin escobillas de 36 VDC. En el artículo se presentan y explican de igual manera mediciones de acuerdo con pruebas realizadas con distintas configuraciones en el circuito de control y transmisión

Diseño del cuadro de mando integral en el área financiera para las empresas del Sector de la Confección en el departamento de Risaralda

En el presente trabajo se muestran de manera clara dos elementos: un panorama de lo que ha significado para la economía nacional y local el desarrollo de la Industria de la Confección y la implementación del Cuadro de Mando Integral como herramienta estratégica en el área financiera, aplicándolo como patrón de evaluación y sistema de toma de dediciones en las principales industrias del sector Confecciones del departamento de Risaralda.The present work clearly shows two components: an overview of what it has meant to the national and local economy the development of Apparel Industry and the implement of Balanced Scorecard as a strategic tool in finance, applying as a yardstick and decisions making system in main Apparel Industries from the Department of Risaralda

Entre la Fundación de la Academia Colombiana y el Congreso Literario Hispanoamericano de 1892 : Una aproximación a las representaciones del lenguaje en el marco del surgimiento del proyecto panhispánico del siglo XIX en Colombia

Durante los procesos de consolidación de las naciones latinoamericanas, las academias de la lengua sirvieron como mecanismo de regulación social, que a través de la intervención en el lenguaje instauraban pautas para la valoración de las prácticas lingüísticas, las instituciones y los agentes sociales. Con el objetivo de revisar las relaciones interdiscursivas que construyen el proyecto panhispánico, se toman como referentes los trabajos realizados María Florencia Rizzo (2010 y 2011) y Graciana Vázquez (2008) sobre el Congreso Literario Hispanoamericano de 1892 (2008) para contrastar la intervención realizada por Miguel Antonio Caro con motivo de la Fundación de la Academia Colombiana -evento que da título al texto-, prestando especial atención a las demarcaciones ideológicas que dan testimonio de la voluntad de disciplinamiento de la Real Academia Española y, su correlativa, la Academia Colombiana.Eje 13. Análisis del discurso y estudios del lenguajeFacultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Socia

Entre la Fundación de la Academia Colombiana y el Congreso Literario Hispanoamericano de 1892 : Una aproximación a las representaciones del lenguaje en el marco del surgimiento del proyecto panhispánico del siglo XIX en Colombia

Durante los procesos de consolidación de las naciones latinoamericanas, las academias de la lengua sirvieron como mecanismo de regulación social, que a través de la intervención en el lenguaje instauraban pautas para la valoración de las prácticas lingüísticas, las instituciones y los agentes sociales. Con el objetivo de revisar las relaciones interdiscursivas que construyen el proyecto panhispánico, se toman como referentes los trabajos realizados María Florencia Rizzo (2010 y 2011) y Graciana Vázquez (2008) sobre el Congreso Literario Hispanoamericano de 1892 (2008) para contrastar la intervención realizada por Miguel Antonio Caro con motivo de la Fundación de la Academia Colombiana -evento que da título al texto-, prestando especial atención a las demarcaciones ideológicas que dan testimonio de la voluntad de disciplinamiento de la Real Academia Española y, su correlativa, la Academia Colombiana.Eje 13. Análisis del discurso y estudios del lenguajeFacultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Socia

EVALUATION OF BIRD-STRIKE RISK IN TWO COLOMBIAN AIRPORTS: A STANDARD METHODOLOGY TO RANK SPECIES AND PROPOSE MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES

We conducted avian evaluations at two Colombian airports to assess, through a standard methodology, the risk of bird strikes. Evaluations were conducted at “Aeropuerto Perales” (AP), Department of Tolima, 1030 m a.s.l. Tropical Dry Forest and, “Aeropuerto Palonegro” (APN), Department of Santander, 1188 m a.s.l. Humid Pre-mountain Forest. Forty-seven species of 12 different families, 3,998 individuals were encountered at AP through 1284 records. In contrast, 33 species of 16 families, 1,112 individuals in 396 records were found at APN. The Whispering ibis (Phimosus infuscatus) was the most abundant species with more than 50% of all individuals followed by the Black vulture (Coragyps atratus) with 18% at AP. The first species represented over 72% of all crosses along most of the runaway, the second 11% crossing in high numbers in some areas. Both species mean flock size was over 5 individuals. Threat categorization showed that this two species are the most highly dangerous for this airport. The Yellow-Hooded blackbird (Agelaius icterocephalus), is of high concern but median risk. Awareness for 12 other species is warranted even thou considered of low risk for Aviation procedures at AP. The Black vulture was the only species categorized as highly dangerous at APN, because of its weight and abundance (50% of all individuals) more than 70% cross the runaway and were found in flocks of over 4 mean individuals, but sometimes in huge flocks of over 40. Two other species, the Orange Chinned parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis) and the Eared dove (Zenaida auriculata), are of main concern and median risk. Five other species are of awareness but low risk following the threat categories at APN. Bird strike evaluation through a standard methodology allows comparing thru ranking priorities the risk, to propose specific and generalized management tools at airports localized in different life zones

METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS THE RELATIVE THREAT OF BIRD–STRIKES IN COLOMBIAN AIRPORTS.

The likely risk of a bird-aircraft collision (bird-strike) in a given airport was assessed using a standard methodological evaluation of birds along the runaway to record data and spatial distribution of danger; and making a threat categorization. Contiguous quadrants of 200 X 200 meters were located along the runaway from one head to the other with a center point count at 100 m, in which all birds were recorded for 15 minutes, accounting for species identification, number of individuals (flock size), flight altitude from ground to \u3e 1,000 m, flight direction including number of perpendicular crosses, and behavioral characteristics (flight, roosting, foraging, reproduction and vocalizations as indicative of permanence and territoriality). Environmental data (% cloud cover and weather -sunny, partially sunny, mist or rainy-) was also recorded. The relative threat and likelihood to generate a collision by any bird species was taken as the result of the sum of scores of four criteria (each with three possible values): 1. Range of weight, 2. Relative abundance, 3. Relative crosses and 4. Flock size. Species were categorized as highly dangerous (10 to 12 score points), potentially dangerous and of concern (7 to 9), or of least danger but precautions warranted (\u3c 6) for some species. Threat categorization and spatial distribution for each species allowed assessing areas of bird species concentrations, identification of sites more often crossed and if attracted by artificial or natural areas, as well as time of the day and climatic conditions that did so. Proposal of direct management options, tools and strategies for a bird avoidance program for specific airports is being developed by the Colombian Civil Aviation Agency -Aerocivil to ensure international air safety standards

Análisis computacional del calentamiento híbrido de una configuración heterogénea de núcleo-caparazón para mejorar la uniformidad de la temperatura

Throughout this study, we propose using hybrid heating (microwaves – thermal radiation) on a heterogeneous structure. Our goal is to improve the effectivity of its thermal treatment. We analyze a core-shell assembly with different thermal and electrical properties. A solid sphere makes up the core of the arrangement. Such a core is surrounded by three layers of different materials. Because of the properties of the original system, we propose modifying the core so that it absorbs microwaves. The layers are all homogeneous and microwave transparent. The first two exhibit a low thermal conductivity, while the outermost one is a good thermal conductor. We also propose adding a thin layer of susceptor between the first two layers, striving to alleviate the low thermal conduction problem. Furthermore, the dielectric loss constant of this new layer is temperature-dependent. We assume that the composed sphere hangs within the electromagnetic cavity and continuously rotates, so it homogeneously receives microwaves and thermal radiation (from an electrical resistance). Thus, the thermal model is given by a set of time-dependent partial differential equations. Transient temperature profiles are analyzed under different experimental scenarios. There is a clear advantage of using the proposed hybrid heating in this particular case.A lo largo de este estudio se propone utilizar el calentamiento híbrido (microondas - radiación térmica) sobre una estructura heterogénea. El objetivo es mejorar la eficacia de su tratamiento térmico. Se analiza un conjunto core-shell con diferentes propiedades térmicas y eléctricas. Una esfera sólida constituye el núcleo del conjunto. Dicho núcleo está rodeado por tres capas de diferentes materiales. Debido a las propiedades del sistema original, se propone modificar el núcleo para que absorba las microondas. Las capas son todas homogéneas y transparentes a las microondas. Las dos primeras presentan una baja conductividad térmica, mientras que la más externa es un buen conductor térmico. También se propone añadir una fina capa de susceptor entre las dos primeras capas, tratando de paliar el problema de la baja conducción térmica. Además, la constante de pérdida dieléctrica de esta nueva capa depende de la temperatura. Se supone que la esfera compuesta cuelga dentro de la cavidad electromagnética y gira continuamente, por lo que recibe homogéneamente microondas y radiación térmica (de una resistencia eléctrica). Así, el modelo térmico viene dado por un conjunto de ecuaciones diferenciales parciales dependientes del tiempo. Se analizan los perfiles de temperatura transitorios bajo diferentes escenarios experimentales. La utilización del calentamiento híbrido propuesto presenta una clara ventaja en este caso concreto

Techno-Economic Assessment of Air and Water Gap Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination under Di erent Heat Source Scenarios

Membrane distillation (MD) has a great deal of potential and this is currently being explored by the scientific community. However, this technology has not yet been implemented by industry, and an estimation of final product costs is key to its commercial success. In this study a techno-economic assessment of air gap MD (AGMD) and water gap MD (WGMD) for seawater desalination under di erent capacities and heat source scenarios was developed. The simplified cost of water (SCOW) method, which estimates investment costs, fixed and variable costs, as well as amortization factors and price influence over time was applied. In addition, experimental data from a laboratory-scale MD desalination plant were also used. The results showed water costs in the range of 1.56 to 7.53 ¿/m3 for WGMD and 2.38 to 9.60 ¿/m3 for AGMD. Specifically, the most feasible scenario was obtained for WGMD with a capacity of 1000 m3 daily using waste and solar heat. Finally, the costs obtained for MD were similar to those of conventional desalination technologies at the same scale factor. Therefore, although large-scale pilot studies and optimization of manufacturing processes are needed, MD shows very promising results that should be considered further

Observational Screening Guidelines and Smartphone Accelerometer Thresholds to Establish the Intensity of Some of the Most Popular Core Stability Exercises

The lack of training load control, mainly exercise intensity, is one of the main limitations of core stability (CS) programs, which makes the training individualization and the analysis of the dose-response relationship difficult. The objectives of this study were to assess the inter-and intra-rater agreement when using new observational screening guidelines to decide if a core stability exercise represents an adequate training intensity level for a given participant. Besides, the relationship between experts' ratings based on these criteria and pelvic accelerations recorded with a smartphone accelerometer was also analyzed. Ten healthy physically active participants with a smartphone accelerometer placed on their pelvis were video-taped while performing a progression of seven variations of the front bridge, back bridge, side bridge and bird-dog exercises. Two expert and four non-expert raters watched the videos and used the observational screening guidelines to decide for each exercise variation if it represented an adequate training intensity level or not. In order to analyze the inter-and intra-rater agreement, several Kappa (κ) statistics were used. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to explore if the accelerometry allowed to establish pelvic acceleration thresholds representing the minimum level of exercise intensity for CS training. Cut-off acceleration values were calculated balancing sensitivity (Se) and 1-specifity (1-Sp) indexes (i.e., Youden index) or minimizing 1-Sp. The intra-and inter-rater analysis showed a substantial-high level of agreement with a prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted Kappa > 0.69. The ROC curves showed that the acceleration thresholds for the bridging exercises were very similar, with global cut-off values of 0.35 m/s2 (Se = 82%; 1-Sp = 15%) when using the Youden Index and of 0.50 m/s2 when minimizing 1-Sp (Se = 31%), whilst the bird-dog exercise showed lower cut-off values (Youden Index: 0.21 m/s2, Se = 90%, 1-Sp = 16%; minimizing 1-Sp: 0.32 m/s2, Se = 40%). Overall, this study provides observational screening guidelines and smartphone accelerometer thresholds to facilitate the decision-making process when setting the intensity of some of the most popular core stability exercises in young physically active individual

Propuesta operativa para la implementación y consolidación de un sistema de análisis y monitoreo del riesgo de extinción de la fauna silvestre en Colombia

The quantification and classification of the risk of extinction for a species within a country or region and the publication of red list are fundamental tools for preventing and managing the loss of biodiversity on a sub-global scale of anthropogenic activity. Colombia may be considered a regional leader in the development of this type of risk analysis (i.e. red books published in 2002 and recent re evaluations of birds and freshwater fish); however, there are many challenges to increasing taxonomic coverage, periodic assessments, sustainability and also the influence on conservation planning and management in Colombia. This working paper presents a proposal to create, implement and consolidate an -Operative System for Risk Extinction Analysis and Monitoring of the Colombian Wildlife to address more effectively the challenges outlined above. It originates from research that identified progress and gaps on this issue in Colombia in relation to other countries of the world and also from discussions and recommendations by South America fauna experts. Based on these elements, the proposal presents objectives, guidelines, instances, roles, activities and work schemes that should be considered relevant to increase the rigor, transparency, periodicity, sustainability and impact of the wildlife risk assessments in Colombia. The system here presented is preliminary and should be amply consulted and discussed in order to make the necessary adjustments to obtain a definite working model for Colombia.Los análisis que cuantifican y clasifican el riesgo de extinción de una especie en el territorio de un país o región, así como la publicación de listas rojas, constituyen herramientas fundamentales para la prevención y el manejo de la pérdida de biodiversidad en escalas subglobales. Si bien Colombia se puede considerar un referente regional en el desarrollo de este tipo de análisis (publicaciones 2002 y revaluación de aves y peces dulceacuícolas) son numerosos los desafíos que estos análisis aún deben enfrentar en el país que les permita incrementar la cobertura taxonómica, periodicidad de los procesos de evaluación, sostenibilidad en el tiempo, así como el impacto en la planeación y gestión de la conservación en Colombia. Este documento presenta una propuesta para crear, implementar y consolidar un Sistema Operativo de Análisis y Monitoreo del Riesgo de Extinción de la Fauna Silvestre en Colombia para abordar con mayor efectividad estos desafíos. Su construccion surge a partir de una investigacion que identificó avances y vacíos en Colombia en relación con otros países de América Latina y el mundo, así como las discusiones y recomendaciones de expertos en fauna de Suramérica. La propuesta plantea objetivos, lineamientos, instancias, actores, actividades y esquemas de trabajo relevantes para incrementar la rigurosidad, transparencia, periodicidad, sostenibilidad e impacto de los análisis de riesgo y los listados rojos de fauna en Colombia. El sistema presentado es preliminar y deberá tener una amplia consulta y discusión encaminada a ajustar un modelo definitivo de trabajo sobre este tema en el país