Küçükçekmece Lagünü'nde (İstanbul) "Küçük Buzul Çağı" ve "Orta Çağ Ilık Dönemi" çökel kayıtları

This study focuses on the sedimentary records of climatic changes in the Küçükçekmece Lagoon over the last 1300 a. The main objective of the study is to investigate the envirenmental conditions in Istanbul during the Little Ice Age (LIA, 600-100 a BP) and Medieval Warm Period (MWP, 1000-600 a BP), which occurred in Europe during the last millenia. The Küçükçekmece Lagoon is situated on the northern shoreline of the Sea of Marmara, west of İstanbul. It has a surface area of 15 km2, maximum depth of 20 m and water volume of 145x106m3. The lagoon is connected to Sea of Marmara via a 2 km long natural narrow channel. The main freshwater input is mainly from small sterams and groundwater springs (Altun el al., 2009). The Little Ice Age was a period of mountain glacier expansion during 16th–mid 19th century period during which European climate was strongly impacted (Bradley and Jones, 1993; Jones et al., 1998; Mann et al., 1998, 1999; Mann, 2002). This period begins with a trend towards enhanced glacial conditions in Europe following the warm conditions of the so-called MWP. The LIA terminated with a dramatic retreat of the Alpine glaciers during the 20th century. During this period the temperature was 0.5-0.7ºC lower than 1950’s avarage. The previous Holocene climate studies in Turkey are rare and mostly confined to the Black Sea and Central Anatolia regions (e.g., Jones et al. 2006; Fleitmann et al, 2009; Kuzucuoğlu et al, 2011). In view of the variability of the present-day climate of Turkey mainly because of its geographic location and topography, and scarcity of data in NW Turkey, the recovery of late Holocene climate records from Küçükçekmece Lagoon (İstanbul) is very important. For this prupose we collected one short interface core (0.6 m) and one 4.5 m long piston core from the Küçükçekmece lagoon. The cores were analyzed for physical properties (magnetic susceptibilty: MS, gamma density, and resistivity) at 5 mm resolution using Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL), and multi-elemental analyis at 0.2 mm resolution using XRF (X-Ray Fluoresance) core scanner. The cores were then sampled at 50 mm intervals for total inorganic carbon (TIC), total organic carbon (TOC), and micropaleontological (ostracoda and benthic foraminifera) analysis. The micropaleontological analysis was made in the sand size fraction under binocular microscope. The ostracoda and benthic foraminifera individuals are identified. Suitable species of ostracoda (Loxoconcha sp.) and benthic foraminifera (Ammonia sp.) were picked and analyzed for the stable oxygen and carbon isotope analysis. Four samples were dated using AMS 14C analysis. The ages were calibrated to calendar year by CALIB 6.0 software using INTCAL 9.0 and MARINE 9.0 options. The short and long cores were correlated using the MS profiles and a continuous composite section was constituted. The lithology of the composite core section in general consists of homogenous olive green mud that rarely includes layers of plant remains and laminated intervals. The benthic foraminifera and ostracoda distribution suggests that the lagoon has been brackish over the last 1300 a. The age model was obtained from the calibrated AMS C-14 datings of two total bulk organic carbon and two plant remain layers. The multiproxy data were used to analyze the evaporation/precipitation changes in sediment cores. Increasing MS (SI), Ti (cps) values and decreasing of d18O-d13C (‰ VPDB), Ca/Ti, Sr/Ca ratio and TOC (%wt) values were interpreted to show wet conditions. We also modified the Leng and Marshall’s (2004) d18O-d13C model for the Küçükçekmece Lagoon. The multi-proxy physical properties, geochemical and stable O- and C-isotope data in Küçükçekmece Lagoon show that wet conditions prevailed during ca 220-70 a BP, 1300-750 a BP and dry conditions during ca 70- 0 a BP, 750-220 a BP. The late (250-100 a BP) and early episodes (600- 250 a BP) of the Little Ice Age period was wet and and dry, respectively. During the the Medieval Warm Period (1000-600 a BP) wet conditions occurred in the region. The climate records also show that decadal-scale wet periods occurred during 340-270 a BP and 680-610 a BP, and dry periods during ca 1050 – 1000 a BP, 1130-1080 a BP and 1260-1210 a BP. Climatic records of Küçükçekmece Lagoon shows similarity with European records in Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period. Keywords: Küçükçekmece Lagoon (İstanbul), Little Ice Age, Medieval Warm Period.Küçükçekmece Lagünü çökellerinde Günümüzden Önce (GÖ) 1300 yıldaki iklim değişimleri ile Avrupa’da soğuk dönem olan Küçük Buz Çağı (GÖ 600-100) ve öncesinde yaşanan Orta Çağ Ilık Dönemi’in (GÖ 1000-600) İstanbul’daki koşulların karşılaştırmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle Küçükçekmece Lagünü’nden uzunlukları 0.6 ve 4.5 m olan iki çökel karotunda; 5 mm çözünürlükle Çok Sensörlü Karot Logu Alıcısı (Multi Sensor Core Logger, MSCL) ile manyetik duyarlılık, P-Dalga hızı, yoğunluk ve öz direnç; 0.2 mm çözünürlükle XRF (X -Ray Fluorescence) tarayıcısı ile 25 elementin analizi ve 50 mm çözünürlükle toplam inorganik (TIC)–organik (TOC) karbon analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca 50 mm aralıkla örnekler yıkanıp elenerek elde edilen çökeller içinden belirlenen ostrakod (Loxoconcha sp.) ve bentik foraminifer (Ammoniasp.) türleri toplanarak duraylı oksijen ve karbon analizleri yapılmıştır. Karotlar AMS 14C yöntemleri ile yaşlandırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Küçük Buz Çağı’nın (GÖ 600-100) GÖ 250-100 yılları arasındaki son bölümünde yağışlı; ilk bölümünde (GÖ 600-250 yılları arası) ise bölgede kurak koşulların egemen olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Buna göre, Ortaçağ Ilık Dönemi (GÖ 1000-600 yılları) ve Karanlık Çağ Soğuk Dönemi’nin (GÖ 1500-1000 yılları) son evresini içeren GÖ 1200-600 yılları arasında yağışlı ve GÖ 1300-1200 yılları arasında ise kuraktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Küçükçekmece Lagünü (İstanbul), Küçük Buz Çağı, Ortaçağ Ilık Dönemi

Modelling climate and societal resilience in the Eastern Mediterranean in the last Millennium

This article analyses high-quality hydroclimate proxy records and spatial reconstructions from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean and compares them with two Earth System Model simulations (CCSM4, MPI-ESM-P) for the Crusader period in the Levant (1095–1290 CE), the Mamluk regime in Transjordan (1260–1516 CE) and the Ottoman crisis and Celâlî Rebellion(1580–1610 CE). During the three time intervals, environmental and climatic stress tested the resilience of complex societies.We find that the multidecadal precipitation and drought variations in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean cannot be explained by external forcings (solar variations, tropical volcanism); rather they were driven by internal climate dynamics. Our research emphasises the challenges, opportunities and limitations of linking proxy records, palaeoreconstructions and model simulations to better understand how climate can affect human history

Sedimentary lipid biomarkers in the magnesium rich and highly alkaline Lake Salda (south-western Anatolia)

Lake Salda located in south-western Anatolia is characterized by the presence of living stromatolites and by a low diversity of both phytoplankton and zooplankton due to high pH and magnesium concentration. The most abundant, free sedimentary lipids of the uppermost centimetres of the lake sediments were studied as potential environmental biomarkers, and proxies based on glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGT) were tested in this extreme environment. Dinosterol and tetrahymanol are potentially relevant biomarkers for the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum and ciliates, respectively. C20:1 and C25:2 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes, and n-C17 alkane and n-C17:1 alkene are considered as representing, respectively, diatoms and Cyanobacteria involved in the formation of the stromatolites. Isoprenoid GDGT-0 is assumed to be derived mainly from Euryarchaeota (methanogens), and crenarchaeol from Thaumarchaeota. Allochthonous organic material is represented by long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkanols derived from land plant leaf waxes, as well as branched GDGTs produced by soil bacteria. While pH and temperature proxies based on branched GDGTs are likely not applicable in Lake Salda, TEX86 (tetraether index of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbons), a proxy based on isoprenoid GDGTs, potentially allows estimating mean annual lake surface temperature. Interestingly, C23 and C25 1,2 diols, which have a yet unknown origin, were found for the first time in lake sediments. This study represents the first investigation of sedimentary lipid distribution in an alkaline and magnesium-rich lake in Anatolia, and provides a basis for future biomarker-based paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Lake Salda

sj-pdf-1-hol-10.1177_09596836231163508 – Supplemental material for A novel Bayesian multilevel regression approach to the reconstruction of an eastern Mediterranean temperature record for the last 10,000 years

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-hol-10.1177_09596836231163508 for A novel Bayesian multilevel regression approach to the reconstruction of an eastern Mediterranean temperature record for the last 10,000 years by Z Bora Ön, Neil Macdonald, Sena Akçer-Ön and Alan M Greaves in The Holocene</p