THE BEHAVIOR OF MACRONUCLEUS AND MICRONUCLEUS DURING ENCYSTMENT AND EXEYSTMENT OF GASTROSTYLA SP

腹柱虫Gastrostylasp.成包囊过程中,其纤毛器的分化不论是从细胞前端或是细胞后端开始,其大、小核的变化是相同的。首先,两个大核先出现复制带,然后两个大核融合成一个圆球形融合大核。另外也观察到二核包囊和四核包囊,融合大核在包囊进入休眠之前出现复制带,改组后的融合大核在休眠包囊中分裂为二。在成包囊过程中,两个小核中的一个被吸收。出包囊时,小核分裂为二,融合大核行无丝分裂成为两个大核。During encystment of Gastrostyla sp.Its macronucleii and micronucleii under went the sameprocess of changingin the cell,whether the differentiation of ciliature was initiated from the cell's anterior or its posterior.Two macronuclei appeared replication bands first, then they were fused into a spherical fusion macronucleus. This was different from Euplotes encysticus, which organized replication bands during excystment. The cyst with two macronuclei or four macronuclei was observed,then the kinetosome could be observed in the cyst wall. The macronuclei also fused into a fusion macronucleus in the end. The fusion macronucleus organized replication bands before the cyst resting.Replicated fusion macronucleus would divided into two in resting cyst.During the process of encystment, one of two micronuclei was resorbed,This was similar to Oxytricha fallax , Stylonychia mytilus and Gastrostyla steinii during excystment ,the micronucleus was divieded into two.This was also similar to O. fallax and S. mytilus , while differented from Euplotes encysticus . The fusion macronucleus was divided into two during excystment

STUDY ON DETECTION OF IN SITU GROWTH RATE OF TAKAYAMA PULCHELLUM

HOU Jian-Jun1; 2; 3; 4; LAI Hong-Yan1; LEI Hong-Ling3and HUANG Bang-Qin2（1.College of Fisheries; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070; 2.State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005; 3.Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province（Hubei Institute for Nationalities）; Enshi 445000; 4.Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology（Yangtse River Fisheries Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences）; ...;国家重点基础研究发展规划973项目(编号:CEOHAB2001CB409704);; 农业部淡水鱼类种质资源与生物技术重点实验室开放课题(编号:LFB20070611);; 中国博士后基金项目(编号:20060400854);; 教育部博士点,基金项目(编号:20070504076)资

Detection of representative harmful algae using three kinds of molecular probes

集中使用寡核苷酸、肽核酸和细胞凝素3类探针对来自东海和厦门海域的现场赤潮样品进行了检测,尝试鉴定识别自然水样中有害的赤潮原因种塔玛亚历山大藻,微小原甲藻和纤小裸甲藻,建立和优化了这些探针的检测方法和样品处理程序。结果表明,在东海和厦门海域的赤潮样品中均成功地检出了塔玛亚历山大藻的分布情况,各探针的检测效率为DBA>Tama28S>Tama5S;在东海和厦门海域的赤潮样品中,也成功地检测出了微小原甲藻,各探针的检测效率为:ConA>PM18S02>PM28S02;在厦门海域的赤潮水样中检出了纤小裸甲藻,各探针的检测效率为:WGA>PNATP28S01>TP18S02>TP28S01。各探针检测结果与相关文献的报道吻合较好。比较这3类探针的特异性,其中以PNA探针为最好,其次为DNA;lectin探针的特异性相对较弱。 【英文摘要】 Molecular probes are useful to separate closely related harmful algal bloom species. Moreover, they can rapidly and clearly differentiate non-toxic from toxic algae and to monitor the development of algal blooms in coastal waters. There are three kinds of molecular probes which can be used for identification of HAB species, such as lectin, DNA and peptide nucleotide acid(PNA) probe. These probes are relatively new, and have higher sensitivity, veracity and specificity than traditional taxonomic techniques. ...国家“九七三”重点基础研究发展规划(CEOHAB2001CB409704);; 中国博士后基金(20060400854);; 农业部淡水鱼类种质资源与生物技术重点实验室开放课题(LFB20070611);; 厦门市创新科技基金(3502Z20041059);; 教育部博士点基金(20070504076

Observation of harmful algal blooms caused by Prorocentrum and Gymnodinium species in the western Xiamen Harbour

对近年来发生在厦门海域的裸甲藻(Gymnodinuum)和原甲藻(Prorocentrum)赤潮的发生情况进行了监测分析,采用了采样、分离、单种培养、显微镜和扫描电镜观察r、DNA序列分析等系列监测、分离培养和赤潮生物鉴定技术,重点观察并确证了厦门海域存在的赤潮原因种为微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)、Takayama pulchellum、无纹环沟藻(Gyrodinium instriatum)。光学显微镜观察表明,赤潮发生海域存在着许多原甲藻和裸甲藻种类,但不能进一步确认到种。利用电子显微镜观察,可根据微小原甲藻体表规则的花纹等特征,根据Takayama pulchellum具有明显的特异性反S形顶沟等特征分别对它们进行有效地分类鉴定。分子分类学分析表明,T.pulchellum(株名为TPXM)28S rDNA D1-D2区序列长度为721 bp,与基因库中同种相似株的同源性大于99%;微小原甲藻(株名PMDH)的ITS和28S rDNA序列与基因库中同种序列的同源性高达99%;无纹环沟藻(株名GIXM)的ITS与基因库中登记的分离自中国深圳海域的4株同种藻的同源性也高达99%。用ITS序列和28S rDNA序列建立的系统进化树也能很好地显示微小原甲藻、Takayama pulchellum、无纹环沟藻之间以及它们与其他藻之间的亲缘关系。将上述结果结合文献记录和环境条件进行了分析,证实这3种赤潮种类Takayama pulchellum、无纹环沟藻、微小原甲藻是厦门海域较为常见的赤潮原因种。对上述检测和鉴定方法的系统应用也表明,这些方法可应用于对现场赤潮生物进行有效监测。Harmful algal blooms(HABs) is increasing globally,and HABs is one of the major disasters along the coast of Xiamen Harbour.Further investigations and researches on the main types of HABs and the algal species causing HAB in coast water of Xiamen Harbour should be made;the environmental monitoring networks and methods along the coast of Xiamen Harbour should be set up and consummated;science researches with local characteristics should be fully developed,and the exotic HAB species from the cabin seawater of foreign ships should also be studied.Aiming directly at rapid identification and regular monitoring of HABs species,this paper tried to develop essential methods of identificating and monitoring HABs species,and evaluated systemic methods for rapidly monitoring and classifying HABs species in morphology and molecular taxonomy.Meanwhile,series of studies were also undertaken to evaluate in the field and tried to find these important HABs causing species along the coast water of western Xiamen Harbour.The harmful algal bloom events caused by Prorocentrum and Gymnodinium species in coast water of western Xiamen Harbour were monitored during recent years.A series of detecting methods based on the analysis of environmental factors,sampling,cell isolation and unicellular culture of these HABs species,observation under microscope and scanning electron microscope(SEM),and sequence analysis of rDNA were used together to monitor and identify these harmful algae.The methods used for collecting samples and establishing specific HAB unicellular cultures were described in detail.Methods of SEM(scanning electron microscope) and ESEM(environmental scanning electron microscope) for Gymnodinium were developed and optimized.These important species that caused harmful algal bloom in Xiamen Harbour were observed and identified as Takayama pulchellum(strain name:TPXM),Gyrodinium instriatum(strain name:GIXM) and Prorocentrum minimum(strain name:PMXM).Algal morphology was observed under LM,and the results suggested that there were many Prorocentrum and Gymnodinium species in coast water of western Xiamen Harbour,and these species could not be identified as specific species under LM.Two strain of Prorocentrum and Gymnodinium were isolated during blooms in Xiamen Harbor and their morphology were observed under SEM.The results showed that there were regular patterns and other characteristics on Prorocentrum cells,which indicated that PMXM was Prorocentrum minimum,and cells of TPXM were broadly oval with a conspicuous and well-defined sigmoid apical groove present on the epitheca,and the apical groove was a characteristic reversed S-shape.These characteristics showed that TPXM was Takayama pulchellum.Molecular biological analyses of rDNA sequences of Prorocentrum and Gymnodinium showed that the D1-D2 region of partial LSU(large subunit) rDNA of T.pulchellum(TPXM) had 721bp and shared more than 99% similarity to the same species whose data was deposited in the GenBank,the ITS and D1-D2 region of partial LSU of P.minimum(PMXM) also shared more than 99% similarity to the same species in the GenBank,and ITS region of G.instriatum(GIXM) shared more than 99% similarity to the same species isolated from Shenzhen Bay in China and its sequences were deposited in the GenBank,too.The analysis of rDNA sequences and phylogenetic trees could be an appropriate taxonomic evidence,especially the length and whole sequences analysis of ITS and variable regions D1-D2 of 28S rDNA could be more reliable and could provide more exact taxonomic informations than other methods.The phylogenetic trees constructed from ITS and partial 28S rDNA could show the relationships of T.pulchellum(TPXM),G.instriatum(GIXM) and P.minimum(PMXM) and their correlative species,and could also separate these species from their disrelated species clearly.According to above results,the characteristics and causation of HABs in western Xiamen Harbour caused by the three species were discussed based on the analysis of related references and environmental conditions.All the results suggested that the three HABs causing species,such as T.pulchellum(TPXM),G.instriatum(GIXM),P.minimum (PMXM) were common HAB species in coast water of western Xiamen Harbour.The results of methodological application in field indicated that these methods and protocols might become useful,feasible and reliable tools to monitor in situ distribution of bloom-forming taxa,such as Gymnodinium and Prorocentrum in natural water.国家重点基础研究发展规划973项目(CEOHAB2001CB409704);; 厦门市创新科技基金项目(3502Z20041059);; 中国博士后基金项目(20060400854);; 农业部淡水鱼类种质资源与生物技术重点实验室开放课题(LFB20070611

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials