Characteristic and Application of Convolutional Codes

用卷积码的活性距离来分析卷积码的性能是随着分析Turbo码的性能而开始的,卷积码的活性距离是自由距离的扩展,它主要是由一个参数来决定的,即活性距离的斜率α。在对卷积码的活性距离进行简要介绍后,主要针对应用α对编织卷积码进行优化作出了探讨,指出了卷积码的活性距离α是分析用卷积码作为成员码的组合编码性能的重要参数。这对优化用卷积码作为成员码的组合编码,降低其编码复杂性有重要作用,也对推动该类组合码的应用有较高的价值。最后给出了仿真结果。The active distance of the convolutional codes is used to analyse the performance of the convolutional codes with the turbo codes was discovered.The active distence of convolutional codes is the extension of the free distance,and it is determined by the parameter α,viz.the slope of the active distance.The active distance of the convolutional codes are presented in this paper.This paper discusses how to optimize woven convolutional codes.It also points that the parameter α is important to analyse and optimize the performance of combinational codes with covolutional codes as the component codes,which also sinplize the encoding complication. This promotes the application of combined codes.Finally the simulation results are shown.国家自然科学基金资助项目(60272005);; 重庆邮电学院青年教师基金资助项目(2005-29

Effects of benzo[a]pyrene and DDT subacute co-exposure on ALT, AST and γ-GT in mice

目的:探讨不同剂量的苯并[A]芘(b[A]P)和滴滴涕(ddT)联合暴露对小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(AlT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和γ-谷胺酰转移酶(γ-gT)的影响及作用形式。方法:成年雄性昆明种小鼠50只,随机分为10组即空白对照组(正常饲养)、溶剂对照组(食用油和二甲基亚砜处理)、低和高浓度b[A]P染毒组[1.0和10 Mg/(kg·d)]、低和高浓度ddT染毒组[0.6和6 Mg/(kg·d)]、低浓度ddT+低浓度b[A]P染毒组、低浓度ddT+高浓度b[A]P染毒组、高浓度ddT+低浓度b[A]P染毒组、高浓度ddT+高浓度b[A]P染毒组。染毒组各受试物经腹腔注射染毒,每日注射1次,连续31 d。末次染毒24 H后通过眼球摘除取血,自动生化仪检测血清中AlT、AST、γ-gT的活性;并制作肝脏HE切片,观察肝细胞形态。采用两因素三水平析因设计的方差分析对数据进行统计分析。结果:与对照组比较,b[A]P和ddT单独染毒时,均能诱导AlT和AST活性升高(f=41.308,P=0.000;f=20.083,P=0.000),随各自染毒剂量的增加,AlT和AST活性升高,但二者联合暴露对AlT和AST活性均不存在交互作用(分别为P=0.258,P=0.264)。b[A]P和ddT单独染毒对γ-gT活性均未产生明显影响,联合暴露也不存在交互作用(P=0.816)。HE染色观察到肝细胞膜界限模糊,发生水样变性,肝细胞中出现小空泡,呈蜂窝状,随染毒剂量增加,肝细胞质水样变性加剧,部分肝细胞质溶解,并且细胞核肿大,形状不规则。结论:在本实验条件下,b[A]P和ddT单独染毒均能诱导小鼠血清AlT和AST活性升高,不同剂量的b[A]P和ddT联合暴露对小鼠血清AlT、AST活性的作用形式主要表现为单独作用,而非交互作用。b[A]P和ddT的单独和联合暴露均未观察到对γ-gT的活性产生明显影响。OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of benzo[a] pyrene and DDT exposure alone or in combination on ALT,AST and γ-GT in mice.METHODS:Fifty healthy male Kunming mice were divided into 10 groups at random:blank control group(normal feed);solvent control group(equal volume of oil);1,10 mg/(kg·d) B[a]P groups;0.6,6 mg/(kg·d) DDT groups;1 mg/(kg·d) B[a]P+0.6 mg/(kg·d) DDT group;1 mg/(kg·d) B[a]P+6 mg/(kg·d) DDT group;10 mg/(kg·d) B[a]P+0.6 mg/(kg·d) DDT group and 10 mg/(kg·d) B[a]P+6 mg/(kg·d) DDT group.Exposure groups were treated with oil contained B[a]P and DDT once a day.After 31 days of intraperitoneal injection,eyeballs were extracted and ALT,AST and γ-GT were examined in blood.HE slices were made to confirm the liver damage.Using two factors and three levels factorial ANOVA design for data analysis.RESULTS:The levels of ALT and AST in all B[a]P or DDT alone exposure groups were significantly higher than that of the control groups(F=41.308,P=0.000;F=20.083,P=0.000),showing dose-effect relationships in both.But no interaction was observed in co-exposure groups(P=0.258,P=0.264).No significant changes in γ-GT were observed in all B[a]P or DDT alone exposure groups.Neither was there any interactive effect in co-exposure groups(P=0.816).This was in accordance with the observation in HE slice:hydropic degeneration,endolysis and nuclear enlargement in liver cell.CONCLUSION:Under this experimental condition,increasing levels of ALT and AST could be detected in B[a]P or DDT separate exposure groups.But neither could affect γ-GT level.No interactive effects of ALT,AST and γ-GT could be induced in co-exposure groups.福建省自然科学基金项目(2013J01354); 厦门市科技计划项目(3502Z20123003); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2011121006

痛风性关节炎骨质破坏中医证型分布特点与相关因素分析

目的总结痛风性关节炎伴或不伴骨质破坏与中医证型分布特点及实验室指标的相关性,以期为痛风性关节炎伴骨质破坏患者的临床治疗提供可靠依据。方法纳入2017年9月至2018年9月在黑龙江中医药大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科门诊及住院治疗且行X线诊断的痛风性关节炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据X线诊断分为痛风性关节炎伴骨质破坏组(A组)52例和痛风性关节炎不伴骨质破坏组(B组)48例,归纳两组患者中医证型及实验室检查,所有数据输入Excel表格,采用SPSS22.0进行统计分析。结果痛风性关节炎伴或不伴骨质破坏患者一般情况差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。痛风性关节炎伴或不伴骨质破坏患者血糖、血脂、肌酐及尿酸差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。痛风性关节炎伴或不伴骨质破坏患者中医证型分布差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。其中瘀热阻滞证、痰浊阻滞证与痛风性关节炎伴骨质破坏关系最为密切,有统计学意义(均P <0.01)。结论痛风性关节炎伴骨质破坏患者的血糖、血脂、肌酐与尿酸的代谢水平普遍较痛风性关节炎不伴骨质破坏患者差,中医证型以瘀热阻滞证及痰浊阻滞证为主,并且与其关系最为密切。黑龙江省博士后科研启动金资助项目(LBH-Q12011

运用调和营卫法治疗产后痹浅析

产后痹是指妇女在产褥期或产后,出现肢体疼痛、酸楚、麻木、重着、畏风怕冷、以及关节活动不利等症状的疾病。古今医家在不断探索实践的过程中,对产后痹的认识各有独到的见解。调和营卫法是通过发表解肌的方法,调整机体营卫失衡的状态使其恢复营卫调和平衡的一种治疗方法。营卫不和可致机体正气亏虚,风寒湿邪极易乘虚而入,使外邪留著营卫,致营卫失和,发为本病。营卫不和为产后痹病因的基础,调和营卫法则为产后痹的治法总则。本文主要阐述产后痹关键在于营卫不和的机理,论证调和营卫法是治疗产后痹的重要大法。在临床上应用调和营卫法,以桂枝新加汤为基础,临床上随证加减,疗效确切

长汀县赢坪史前遗址发掘简报

2012年福建博物院对赢坪两处遗址进行了抢救性考古发掘,获得了一批包括石器、陶器、铜器、石范等内涵丰富的文化遗物,这批遗物可进一步了解闽西地区的史前文化发展序列及文化面貌,并且对于多地区文化间的交流研究也有一定的作用

Study on the Purification and Activity of Asparagus officinalis L. Saponins

芦笋(Asparagus officinalis Linn)是一种药食两用的植物，药理学研究表明：长期食用芦笋可增强免疫力、延缓衰老、降血脂、降血糖、抗疲劳、抗肿瘤，其中甾体皂苷是其生理活性的重要物质基础。芦笋皂苷是一类具有环戊烷多氢菲母核结构的物质，有多种生物活性，高效的提取纯化工艺可为开发芦笋皂苷类药物和保健品奠定良好的基础。随着芦笋的大规模种植与产品上市，加工过程中产生了大量的边角料，大部分边角料被直接丢弃，即污染了环境，又浪费了资源。据测定，这些边角料中除含有丰富的营养物质外，还含有丰富的皂苷类成分，因此，亟需开发利用这些资源。课题组前期优化了芦笋废弃物中皂苷的提取工艺，但粗提物中皂苷纯度不高，在此基础上，本论文又开展了以下工作： (1) 建立了芦笋总皂苷含量测定方法，采用香草醛-高氯酸-冰醋酸体系做显色剂，在535nm下测定，在0~400μg范围内呈良好的线性关系。该方法简便，准确，适于芦笋总皂苷的含量检测。 (2) 对芦笋皂苷粗提物进行了主要成分分析，为纯化方案的确定奠定了基础。 (3) 通过泡沫实验、Libermannn-Burchard反应、Resen-Heimer 反应、Ehrish试剂反应确定了芦笋皂苷的主要类型：泡沫实验为阳性，证明有芦笋皂苷存在；Libermannn-Burchard反应最终颜色为绿色，表明存在甾体皂苷；Resen-Heimer反应最终呈现紫色，表明有甾体皂苷元存在；Ehrish试剂反应溶液呈红色，表明其甾体皂苷中存在呋喃型。 (4) 采用静态和动态吸附解吸试验优选适宜芦笋皂苷纯化的树脂并优化其工艺。通过静态吸附-解吸试验，对8种大孔吸附树脂纯化芦笋皂苷的效果进行比较，结果表明HPD-100树脂纯化芦笋皂苷效果最佳，并对HPD-100大孔树脂纯化芦笋皂苷工艺进行了优化。在上样质量浓度15mg/mL、溶液处理量150mL，1mL/min流速过柱；吸附后，先用50mL蒸馏水洗去杂质，再用200mL 80%乙醇洗脱，总皂苷的含量由14.26%提高到35.63%。将初次纯化产物按照上述工艺再纯化一次，总皂苷含量可高于50%，达到中药五类新药的含量要求。HPD-100可较好地吸附分离芦笋皂苷，操作简单、安全、成本低廉，有较高的应用价值。 (5) 考察了芦笋皂苷的体外抗氧化、抑菌活性。芦笋皂苷抗氧化能力随着浓度增大而增强，当增加到一定浓度后趋于稳定；相对而言，芦笋皂苷清除烷基自由基的能力最强，抑制DPPH自由基的能力次之，抑制超氧自由基的能力最弱。芦笋皂苷有较明显的抗氧化活性，可以考虑将其开发成为新型的抗氧化药剂。体外抑菌实验表明，芦笋皂苷对微生物有较好的抑制作用，抑菌活性：金黄色葡萄杆菌>大肠杆菌>枯草芽孢杆菌；且抑菌效果随皂苷浓度的升高而增强。 (6) 考察了芦笋皂苷口服液的稳定性，发现其对金属离子、温度、光照很敏感，因此该口服液应用棕色玻璃器皿盛装，在室温、避光下贮存

Genetic Variation Assessment in the Natural Populations of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis

近十年，植物群体遗传学的研究飞速发展，然而与海拔相关的植物群体遗传结构和遗传变异研究却相对较少。到目前为止，还不清楚遗传变异与海拔之间是否有一个通用的格局。在山区，各种生态因子，如温度、降水、降雪、紫外线辐射强度以及土壤成分都随海拔梯度急剧变化，造成了即使在一个小的空间区域，植被类型变化显著，这种高山环境的异质性和复杂性为我们研究植物群体遗传结构和分化提供了方便。沙棘(Hippophea)属于胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)为多年生落叶灌木或乔木，雌雄异株，天然种群分布极为广泛。中国沙棘(H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis)是沙棘属植物中分布较广的一个亚种，种内形态变异非常丰富，加之其具有独特的繁育系统和广泛的生态地理分布，是研究沙棘属植物遗传变异和系统分化的理想材料。本文从1,800 m 到3,400 m 分5 个海拔梯度进行取样，用RAPD 和cpSSR 分子标记研究了卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘天然群体的遗传结构和遗传变异。5 个取样群体依次标记为A、B、C、D 和E，它们分别代表分布在海拔1,800，2,200，2,600，3,000 和3,400 m 的5 个天然群体。RAPD实验用11 条寡核苷酸引物，扩增得到151 个重复性好的位点，其中143 个多态位点，多态率达94.7%。在5 个沙棘群体中，总遗传多样性值(HT)为0.289，B群体内的遗传多样性值为0.315，这完全符合沙棘这种多年生、远交的木本植物具有高遗传变异的特性。5 个群体内遗传多样性随海拔升高呈低－高－低变异趋势，在2,200 m海拔处的B群体遗传多样性达最大值0.315，3,400 m海拔处的E群体则表现最小仅0.098。5 个群体间的遗传分化值GST＝0.406，也即是说有40.6%的遗传变异存在于群体间，1,800 m海拔处的A群体与其它群体的明显分离是造成群体间遗传分化大的原因。UPGMA聚类图和PCoA散点图进一步确证了5 个群体间的关系和所有个体间的关系。最后，经过Mantel检测，遗传距离与海拔表现了明显的相关性(r = 0.646, P = 0.011)。cpSSR 实验中，经过对24 对cpSSR 通用引物筛选，11 对引物能扩增出特异性条带，只有2 对引物(ccmp2 和ARCP4)呈现多态性。4 个等位基因共组合出4 种单倍型，单倍型Ⅰ出现在A 群体的所有个体和B 群体的8 个个体中，C、D、E 三个群体均不含有，而单倍型Ⅱ出现在C、D、E 三个群体的所有个体及B 群体的18 个个体中，A 群体不含有。另外两种单倍型Ⅲ和Ⅳ为稀有类型，仅B 群体中的4 个个体拥有。这种单倍型分布模式和TFPGA 群体聚类图揭示了，C、D、E 群体可能来源于同一祖先种，而A 群体却是由另一祖先种发展起来的，B 群体则兼具了这两种起源种的信息，这可能是因为在历史上的某一时期，在中国沙棘群体高山分化的过程中，B 群体处某个或者某些个体发生了基因突变，具备了适应高海拔环境的能力，产生了高海拔沙棘群体的祖先种。 In recent ten years, studies about population genetics of plants developed rapidly,whereas their genetic structure and genetic variation along altitudinal gradients have beenstudied relatively little. So far, it is uncleared whether there is a common pattern betweengenetic variation and altitudinal gradients. In the mountain environments, importantecological factors, e.g., temperature, rainfall, snowfall, ultraviolet radiation and soil substratesetc., change rapidly with altitudes, which cause the vegetation distribution varying typically,even on a small spatial scale. The mountain environments, which are heterogeneous andcomplex, facilitate and offer a good opportunity to characterize population genetic structureand population differentiation.The species of the genus Hippophae L. (Elaeagnaceae) are perennial deciduous shrubs ortrees, which are dioecious, wind-pollinated pioneer plants. The natural genus has a widedistribution extending from Northern Europe through Central Europe and Central Asia toChina. According to the latest taxonomy, the genus Hippophae is divided into six species and12 subspecies. The subspecies H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis shows significant morphologicalvariations, large geographic range and dominantly outcrossing mating system. Thesecharacteristics of the subspecies are favourable to elucidate genetic variation and systemevolution. To estimate genetic variation and genetic structure of H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensisat different altitudes, we surveyed five natural populations in the Wolong Natural Reserve at altitudes ranging from 1,800 to 3,400 m above sea level (a.s.l.) using random amplifiedpolymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) and cpSSR molecular methods. The five populations A,B, C, D, and E correspond to the altitudes 1,800, 2,200, 2,600, 3,000 and 3,400 m,respectively.Based on 11 decamer primers, a total of 151 reproducible DNA loci were yielded, ofwhich 143 were polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphic loci equaled 94.7%. Amongthe five populations investigated, the total gene diversity (HT) and gene diversity within population B equaled 0.289 and 0.315, respectively, which are modest for a subspecies of H.rhamnoides, which is an outcrossing, long-lived, woody plant. The amount of geneticvariation within populations varied from 0.098 within population E (3,400 m a.s.l.) to 0.315within population B (2,200 m a.s.l.). The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) amongpopulations equaled 0.406 and revealed that 40.6% of the genetic variance existed amongpopulations and 59.4% within populations. The population A (1,800 m a.s.l.) differed greatlyfrom the other four populations, which contributes to high genetic differentiation. A UPGMAcluster analysis and principal coordinate analyses based on Nei's genetic distances furthercorroborated the relationships among the five populations and all the sampling individuals,respectively. Mantel tests detected a significant correlation between genetic distances andaltitudinal gradients (r = 0.646, P = 0.011).Eleven of the original 24 cpSSR primer pairs tested produced good PCR products, onlytwo (ccmp2 and ARCP4) of which were polymorphic. Four total length variants (alleles) werecombined resulting in 4 haplotypes. The haplotype was present in all individuals of Ⅰpopulation A and 8 individuals of populations B, the other three populations (C, D and Epopulations) did not share. The haplotype was present in all individuals of populations C, D Ⅱand E and 18 individuals of populations B, population A did not share. The other twohaplotypes and were rare haplotypes, which were only shared in 4 individuals of Ⅲ Ⅳpopulation B. The distribution of haplotypes and TFPGA population clustering map showedthat the populations C, D and E might be origined from one ancestor seed and population Amight be from another, whereas population B owned information of the two ancestor seeds. Itwas because that gene mutation within some individual or seed in the location of population Bwas likely to happen in the history of H. rhamnoides, which was the original ancestor of thehigh-altitude populations

大孔吸附树脂纯化芦笋皂苷工艺优化

以芦笋下脚料提取物作为原料,优化了大孔吸附树脂纯化芦笋皂苷的工艺。通过静态法,对8种大孔吸附树脂纯化芦笋皂苷的效果进行比较,结果表明HPD-100树脂纯化芦笋皂苷效果最佳,并对HPD-100大孔树脂纯化芦笋皂苷工艺进行了优化。在上样质量浓度15mg/mL、溶液处理量150mL、1mL/min流速过柱;吸附后,先用50mL蒸馏水洗去杂质,再用200mL80%乙醇洗脱,总皂苷的含量由14.26%提高到35.49%（mean±SD）。将初次纯化产物按照上述工艺再纯化一次,总皂苷含量可高于50%,达到国家五类新药的含量要求。HPD-100可较好地吸附分离芦笋皂苷,纯化效率高,且其操作简单、安全、成本低廉,有较高的推广应用价值

大孔吸附树脂纯化芦笋皂苷工艺优化

以芦笋下脚料提取物作为原料,优化了大孔吸附树脂纯化芦笋皂苷的工艺。通过静态法,对8种大孔吸附树脂纯化芦笋皂苷的效果进行比较,结果表明HPD-100树脂纯化芦笋皂苷效果最佳,并对HPD-100大孔树脂纯化芦笋皂苷工艺进行了优化。在上样质量浓度15mg/mL、溶液处理量150mL、1mL/min流速过柱;吸附后,先用50mL蒸馏水洗去杂质,再用200mL80%乙醇洗脱,总皂苷的含量由14.26%提高到35.49%（mean±SD）。将初次纯化产物按照上述工艺再纯化一次,总皂苷含量可高于50%,达到国家五类新药的含量要求。HPD-100可较好地吸附分离芦笋皂苷,纯化效率高,且其操作简单、安全、成本低廉,有较高的推广应用价值