Perceptions of parenting practices and psychological variables of elite and sub-elite youth athletes

Drawing from the model of parental involvement in sport, the overall purpose was to examine the associations of perceptions of parenting practices (encouragement, reinforcement, instruction, and role modeling) and athletes’ psychological variables (self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, self-regulation, and intrinsic motivation) of elite and sub-elite youth athletes. Participants were elite (n = 210) and sub-elite (n = 635) athletes aged between 14 and 18 years (Mage = 16.58, SD = 1.33). Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that young elite athletes’ perceptions of sport-related parenting practices are associated with their psychological skills and performance level in sport. Specifically, in comparison with their sub-elite peers, perceptions of parental encouragement had a significantly different strong effect on intrinsic motivation. Moreover, perceptions of parental modeling revealed different effects on performance level, as well as on intrinsic motivation, and self-regulation. These perceptions of parenting practices may promote a positive learning environment, resulting in an increased likelihood of achieving a high level of sport performance in comparison with their sub-elite peers

Parental involvement in sport:psychometric development and empirical test of a theoretical model

The purposes of the present multistudy were to develop and provide initial construct validity for measures based on the model of parental involvement in sport (Study 1) and examine structural relationships among the constructs of the model (Study 2). In Study 1 (nparents = 342, nathletes = 223), a confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify the psychometric properties of the measures. Content and construct validity were evaluated, as well individual and composite reliability. Multi-group analysis with two independent samples provided evidence of factorial invariance. In Study 2 (nparents = 754, nathletes = 438), structural equation modeling analysis supported the hypothesised model in which athletes’ perceptions of parents’ behaviours mediated the relationship between parents’ reported behaviours and the athletes’ psychological variables conducive to their achievement in sport. The findings provide support for the parental involvement in sport model and demonstrate the role of perceptions of parents’ behaviours on young athletes’ cognitions in sport

Implicación parental : adaptación de un modelo teórico al deporte

To analyse the complexity of parental involvement in children's sports, we shall attempt to understand the reasons for parental engagement and how that involvement can contribute positively to children's self-achievement. In this sense, we are presenting an explicative model supported by considerations taken from academic research that is capable of bringing together several valences to respond to questions that sport research have yet to answer: (1) why parents get involved, (2) what characteristics does the involvement entail, and (3) how does involvement affect children's achievement in sport

Validation and adaptation of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) in fitness group exercisers

Background: Recently, Mullen et al. (2011) presented an 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) providing a valid instrument for assessing enjoyment in physical activity. The present paper investigated the psychometric properties of a Portuguese adaptation of PACES.Methods: After a process of back-to-back translation into Portuguese, 395 members of fitness centers who ranged in age from 18 to 66 years (31.11 ± 8.90, mean ± SD) completed the translated version of the PACES. On average, participants had 3.2 years of experience in fitness group classes and practiced for approximately 3.3 times per week.Results: An initial exploratory factor analysis (n = 139) revealed a unidimensional structure with factor loadings ranging from 0.79 to 0.89. Results also showed acceptable internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample (n = 256) provided additional support for the unidimensional structure of the questionnaire. In addition, moderate positive correlations between enjoyment and intrinsic and identified regulation, and moderate negative correlations between enjoyment and external and amotivation demonstrate the convergent validity of the instrument. Finally, measurement invariance between two independent samples was also found.Conclusion: The 8-item Portuguese version of PACES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring enjoyment of physical activity in Portuguese adult's fitness exercisers, therefore suitable to use as a measure of affect in exercise adherence interventions studies

Envolvimento parental no desporto : bases conceptuais e metodológicas

O presente artigo é uma revisão à teoria e investigação do envolvimento parental no desporto. Durante mais de 30 anos o estudo acerca da influência parental centrou-se fundamentalmente nas consequências dos comportamentos e atitudes dos pais sobre determinados processos psicológicos e cognitivos das crianças na prática desportiva, tais como a ansiedade, orientação dos objetivos de realização, ou autoperceções de competência e controlo. contudo, mais recentemente, há tendências para abordagens multidimensionais e ecológicas no estudo do envolvimento parental. O modelo do envolvimento parental no desporto apresenta as principais variáveis para compreender as razões porque os pais se envolvem, quais os mecanismos utilizados durante o envolvimento, e como influenciam a realização desportiva da criança e do jovem no desporto. No final são apresentadas algumas recomendações para a investigação e prática do envolvimento parental, considerando a relação pais-instituições desportivas-treinadores.This article reviews psychological theory and research critical to understanding parental involvement in sport. For over 30 years, studies of parental influences in sport focused primarily on the consequences of parents' behaviours and attitudes to certain psychological and cognitive processes experienced by children in sport, such as anxiety, approaches to achieving goals or self-perceptions of competence and control. However, recently, there has been a tendency toward multidimensional ecological approaches to the study of parental involvement in sport. The presented model of parental involvement in sport contains the key variables for explaining why parents become involved in their children's sport, the characteristics of their involvement, and how their involvement affects young athletes' achievements in sport. Finally, some recommendations for research and practice are presented, taking into account relationships among parents, coaches and sports institutions.En este artículo se analiza la teoría y la investigación de la implicación de los padres en el deporte. Durante más de 30 años, el estudio de la influencia de los padres se centró principalmente en las consecuencias de los comportamientos y actitudes de los padres acerca de determinados procesos psicológicos y cognitivos de los niños en el deporte, como la ansiedad, las orientaciones de metas de logro, o las auto-percepciones de competencia y control. Más recientemente, sin embargo, hay tendencias de enfoques multidimensionales y socio ecológicas en el estudio de la implicación de los padres. el modelo de implicación de los padres en el deporte presenta las variables clave para entender las razones por que los padres se implican, qué características presentan las formas de implicación, y cómo es que la implicación influye en el contexto de logro del niño en la práctica deportiva. Al final se presentan algunas recomendaciones para la investigación y la práctica de la implicación de los padres, teniendo en cuenta la relación entre los padres, los entrenadores y los responsables directivos

The importance of emotional intelligence and meaning in life in psycho-oncology

[EN] Objective: Cancer was considered the disease of the 20th century, and the management, treatment, and adaptation of patients to general wellbeing were worldwide concerns. Emotional intelligence has frequently been associated with wellbeing and considered one important factor to optimal human functioning. The purpose of the present study was to test the differences regarding the relationship between emotional intelligence, purpose in life, and satisfaction with life between cancer and healthy people. Methods: This model was tested using structural path analysis in two independent samples. First, in a general Portuguese population without chronic disease, 214 participants (nmale = 41, nfemale = 173; Mage = 53). Second, in 202 patients with cancer (nmale = 40, nfemale = 162; Mage = 58.65). A two-step methodology was used to test the research hypothesis. Results: First, a confirmatory factor analysis supported the measurement model. All factors also show reliability, convergent, and discriminate validity. Second, the path coefficients for each model indicate that the proposed relationships differ significantly according to the groups. The perception capacities of emotional intelligence were more related to satisfaction with life and purpose in life in oncologic patients than in the general population without chronic disease, specifically emotional understanding and regulation. Likewise, the relationship between purpose in life and satisfaction with life in oncologic patients was significantly higher than for the general population. Conclusion: The current findings thus suggest that emotional intelligence and purpose in life are potential components to promoting satisfaction in life in healthy people and more so in oncologic patients

The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) Portuguese-Version: Evidence of Reliability, Validity and Invariance Across Gender

This study has as prime objective to analyze the psychometric properties of the Behavioral Regulation Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) in a sample of Portuguese exercisers and invariance across gender. Two independent samples (448 calibration; 374 validation), aged between 16 and 78 years (M = 40.29; SD = 16.24), of both gender, (495 female; 327 male) were enrolled in this study. The results show that the original model (six factors; 24 items) did not fit to the data in a satisfactory way (χ 2 = 977.49; df = 237; B-S p < 0.001; SRMR = 0.07; NNFI = 0.80; CFI = 0.83; RMSEA = 0.08; 90% CI = 0.08–0.09). After removing six items (one for each factor), the model (six factors; 18 items) adjustment improved in a satisfactory way in both samples: calibration (χ 2 = 331.86; df = 120; B-S p < 0.001; SRMR = 0.06; NNFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.06; 90% CI 0.06–0.07) and validation (χ 2 = 254.08; df = 120; B-S p < 0.001; SRMR = 0.04; NNFI = 0.93; CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.06; 90% CI = 0.05–0.06). Results also showed model invariance across gender (1CFI ≤ 0.01). The Portuguese version of BREQ-3 (six factors; 18 items) is a valid and reliable measurement instrument to measure behavior regulation underlying self-determination theory in the exercise domain. However, the evidence also indicated that additional studies are needed to address the fragilities of the original model (six factors; 24 items).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Lifeguard Performance Skills: A Systematic Review

Drowning is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and lifeguards’ action can be regarded as a significant contribution to change that reality. In this regard, the purpose of this systematic review was to identify factors associated with lifeguards’ performance. After extensive research on PsycArticles, PsicBooks, PsycInfo, SportDiscus, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and SportDiscus databases, containing the keywords “lifeguard” AND “performance”, “lifeguard” AND “skills” and “lifeguard” AND “drowning”, we obtained 429 research articles. After eliminating duplicates, excluding those that had no relevance to the study, and screening against set criteria, a total of five articles were fully reviewed. Four quantitative studies and one qualitative study were included in the present review. An analysis of the data was carried out and the findings indicated that there are determining factors for the successful performance of the lifeguard’s activity. Results indicate that factors related to the physical, technical, and psychological components are essential for an improved lifeguard’s performance. The analysis of the data also highlights the lack of studies related to behavioural competencies

Refining the short version of the Leadership Scale for Sports:factorial validation and measurement invariance

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the factorial validity and measurement invariance of the short version of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; Chelladurai &amp; Saleh, 1980): coaches’ perceptions of their own behavior, athletes’ preferences and athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ behavior. This validation will allow researchers to minimize time demands on participants. Three independent samples of athletes (n1 = 373; n2 = 817; n3 = 246) and two samples of coaches (n1 = 115; n2 = 351) were studied to examine the factorial validity and measurement invariance of the 25-item version of the LSS (LSS-25; Chiu et al., 2016). Findings indicated that a 15-item version (LSS-15) fits the data better than the LSS-25. The LSS-15 showed factorial validity and proved to have adequate reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that its factor structure was invariant across two independent samples and across gender for athletes’ perceived and preferred versions. Significant relationships between the LSS-15 subscales and athlete satisfaction also demonstrate criterion validity. These findings support a valid and reliable alternative to the original LSS long-form, especially in applied settings when time constraints require a brief measure of leadership or when study designs include multiple variables