Private financing of elder care in Sweden. Arguments for and against

The idea that there is a need to increase the share of private financing of the costs of elder care is expressed by several actors attempting to influence the direction of social policy Sweden these days. This idea fundamentally challenges established ways of financing and organising delivery of elder care services in Sweden. Underlying proposals for increasing private financing is the claim that the future scope of public elder care provision must contract, both vertically and horizontally. Underlying this claim is the assumption that both the quantity and quality of services demanded will increase, while the supply of public funds cannot. Vertical contraction aims to draw new funds from users willing to pay more to get higher quality services. Horizontal contraction aims to reduce the scope of public sector’s responsibility in service provision. This paper outlines recent developments in private provision of elder care services and examines arguments and actors for increasing private financing. Although the proposals have been put forward by influential actors, opposition to increasing private financing has been expressed, and support for solidaristic funding of elder care remains strong. Accordingly, we also consider these dissenting arguments and actors. Our purpose is to set out and evaluate the arguments, evidence and interests behind the proposals, and the likely outcomes of their implementation.Elder care; Private financing; Social policy; Sweden;

Trajectory optimization using regularized variables

Regularized equations for a particular optimal trajectory are compared with unregularized equations with respect to computational characteristics, using perturbation type numerical optimization. In the case of the three dimensional, low thrust, Earth-Jupiter rendezvous, the regularized equations yield a significant reduction in computer time

An optimal gains matrix for time-delay feedback control

In this paper we propose an optimal time-delayed feedback control (TDFC) for tracking unstable periodic orbits (UPOs). It is shown that TDFC will drive a trajectory onto a periodic orbit while minimising an integral of a cost function of the error in periodicity and the control e®ort. This optimal TDFC relies on the linearisation about the delayed trajectory not the UPO itself and therefore can be implemented without a priori knowledge of a reference orbit. This optimal TDFC is applied to the problem of tracking an unstable periodic orbit in the nonlinear equations describing the circular restricted three-body problem. The results of this investigation demonstrate that TDFC could e±ciently drive a spacecraft onto a periodic orbit in the vicinity of a (UPO) halo orbit

Capture of dark matter by the Solar System. Simple estimates

We consider the capture of galactic dark matter by the Solar System, due to the gravitational three-body interaction of the Sun, a planet, and a dark matter particle. Simple estimates are presented for the capture cross-section, as well as for density and velocity distribution of captured dark matter particles close to the Earth.Comment: 5 page

Omsorgsvardag under skiftande organisatoriska villkor — en jämf ørande studie av den nordiska hemtjänsten

Såväl nordiska som internationella forskare tar ofta f ør givet att de nordiska länderna är sinsemellan mycket lika när det gäller hur omsorgen om äldre är utformad. Samtidigt fi nns det mycket få komparativa studier som har intresserat sig f ør välfärdsstaten som arbetsgivare på äldreomsorgsområdet. På basis av en omfattande litteratur øversikt och en kvalitativ studie av hemtjänsten i tre nordiska huvudstäder diskuteras i denna artikel hemtjänstens organisationsf ørändringar och hur personalens omsorgsvardag präglas av de nya styrprinciperna-men också hur personalen aktivt och i hemlighet kringgår sina organisatoriska villkor.

Sweden Tops Canada in Care for the Aged

Because of their resources and the way their work is organized, Swedish care workers can provide better care than their Canadian counterparts. They are better placed to improve living conditions for their residents and themselves.York's Knowledge Mobilization Unit provides services and funding for faculty, graduate students, and community organizations seeking to maximize the impact of academic research and expertise on public policy, social programming, and professional practice. It is supported by SSHRC and CIHR grants, and by the Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation. [email protected] www.researchimpact.c

Foundations of multiple black hole evolutions

We present techniques for long-term, stable, and accurate evolutions of multiple-black-hole spacetimes using the `moving puncture' approach with fourth- and eighth-order finite difference stencils. We use these techniques to explore configurations of three black holes in a hierarchical system consisting of a third black hole approaching a quasi-circular black-hole binary, and find that, depending on the size of the binary, the resulting encounter may lead to a prompt merger of all three black holes, production of a highly elliptical binary (with the third black hole remaining unbound), or disruption of the binary (leading to three free black holes). We also analyze the classical Burrau three-body problem using full numerical evolutions. In both cases, we find behaviors distinctly different from Newtonian predictions, which has important implications for N-body black-hole simulations. For our simulations we use analytic approximate data. We find that the eighth-order stencils significantly reduce the numerical errors for our choice of grid sizes, and that the approximate initial data produces the expected waveforms (after a rescaling of the puncture masses) for black-hole binaries with modest initial separations.Comment: Revtex 4, 13 pages, 15 figure

Extrasolar Planet Interactions

The dynamical interactions of planetary systems may be a clue to their formation histories. Therefore, the distribution of these interactions provides important constraints on models of planet formation. We focus on each system's apsidal motion and proximity to dynamical instability. Although only ~25 multiple planet systems have been discovered to date, our analyses in these terms have revealed several important features of planetary interactions. 1) Many systems interact such that they are near the boundary between stability and instability. 2) Planets tend to form such that at least one planet's eccentricity periodically drops to near zero. 3) Mean-motion resonant pairs would be unstable if not for the resonance. 4) Scattering of approximately equal mass planets is unlikely to produce the observed distribution of apsidal behavior. 5) Resonant interactions may be identified through calculating a system's proximity to instability, regardless of knowledge of angles such as mean longitude and longitude of periastron (e.g. GJ 317 b and c are probably in a 4:1 resonance). These properties of planetary systems have been identified through calculation of two parameters that describe the interaction. The apsidal interaction can be quantified by determining how close a planet is to an apsidal separatrix (a boundary between qualitatively different types of apsidal oscillations, e.g. libration or circulation of the major axes). The proximity to instability can be measured by comparing the observed orbital elements to an analytic boundary that describes a type of stability known as Hill stability. We have set up a website dedicated to presenting the most up-to-date information on dynamical interactions: http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rory/research/xsp/dynamicsComment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. To appear in the proceedings of IAU Symposium 249: Exoplanets: Detection, Formation and Dynamics, held in Suzhou, China, Oct 22-26 2007. A version with full resolution figures is available at http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rory/publications/bg08a.pd

Marketization in Long-Term Care: A Cross-Country Comparison of Large For-Profit Nursing Home Chains.

This article presents cross-country comparisons of trends in for-profit nursing home chains in Canada, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. Using public and private industry reports, the study describes ownership, corporate strategies, costs, and quality of the 5 largest for-profit chains in each country. The findings show that large for-profit nursing home chains are increasingly owned by private equity investors, have had many ownership changes over time, and have complex organizational structures. Large for-profit nursing home chains increasingly dominate the market and their strategies include the separation of property from operations, diversification, the expansion to many locations, and the use of tax havens. Generally, the chains have large revenues with high profit margins with some documented quality problems. The lack of adequate public information about the ownership, costs, and quality of services provided by nursing home chains is problematic in all the countries. The marketization of nursing home care poses new challenges to governments in collecting and reporting information to control costs as well as to ensure quality and public accountability