A Fluid Inclusion and Structural Analysis of the West Chance Vein System, Sunshine Mine, Kellogg, Idaho

The Sunshine mine, near Kellogg ID, is a mesothermal Ag-Pb vein deposit in the Coeur d’Alene mining district. Proterozoic siliciclastic rocks of the Ravalli Group, Belt Supergroup, host the ore bodies. The recently discovered West Chance ore body has been under development for the past five years. This tabular ore body strikes west and dips steeply to the south, has 300m (~1000 ft) strike length and extends approximately 914m (~3000 ft) down dip. Ore is located where the WNW-striking Chance fault changes to a predominately west-striking structure. This study consists of a fluid inclusion and structural analysis of the West Chance ore body to determine pressure, temperature, and composition parameters of mineralization, and to evaluate possible structural controls on ore deposition. Fluid inclusion analysis of over 60 primary inclusions from quartz veins within the West Chance ore body show the dominant type of fluid inclusion to be liquid-rich inclusions composed of H2O-NaCl. Homogenization temperatures, T(h), range from 190.6°C to 325.8°C, with a mean value of 270.9°C. There is no systematic variation of T(h) with respect to depth and no evidence of boiling. Salinities increase with depth through the vein system; thus range from 0.5 wt.% NaCl in the upper portions to 12.2 wt.% NaCl lower in the ore body. Increasing salinity with depth suggests that ore deposition in the West Chance is a result of mixing of two fluids of similar temperature but varying salinities or that boiling occurred higher in the system yielding the observed salinity contrast. A constructed P-V-T diagram suggests that the West Chance ore body formed at pressures in the range of 0.5-2 kbars, corresponding to depths of 1.75-7 km for fluid pressure under lithostatic load. Structural analysis consisted of mapping, petrofabric analysis, and compilation of existing data and showed that the mineralized fault system consists of an anastomosing series of smaller faults that strike WSW to WNW. Megascopic features and petrographic textures indicate that the fault has been reactivated over time. Ore shoots plunge steeply to the west with a 60-70° rake. Previous work on structural control of ore fluids has suggested mineralization took place during left-lateral or reverse motion. The present study of the West Chance ore body shows there is evidence for both types of motion and supports left-lateral, reverse, and right-lateral as a sequence of fault motions, with right lateral motion occurring after ore deposition. However, there are no constraints on the absolute timing of faulting

Lafayette Forensics Standards and Policies

Standards and policies from the Lafayette Forensics Society at Lafayette College

High Rates of Exposure to Simulated Winter Storm Cues Negatively Affect White-Throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) Energy Reserves

Birds are often able to cope with, and respond to, inclement weather with physiological and behavioral responses. As storms become more severe or frequent as a result of climate change, the adaptive coping responses of many species may be pushed beyond current tolerance limits. We investigated the effects of experimental recurrent inclement winter weather cues on body composition, glucocorticoid hormones, and behavior of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). We used a hypobaric climatic wind tunnel to simulate storms by transiently decreasing barometric pressure and temperature, and measured behavioral responses, body composition, and baseline corticosterone levels in birds exposed, or not exposed (control), to different frequencies of simulated storms. In study 1, experimental birds were exposed to one storm per week over 9 weeks. In study 2, experimental birds were exposed to two storms per week over 12 weeks. Birds exposed to one simulated storm per week had higher fat and lean masses than control birds, with no differences in the amount of time groups spent feeding. This change in body composition suggests that birds were coping by increasing energy stores. In contrast, birds exposed to two simulated storms per week had lower fat masses compared to control birds, even though they spent more time feeding. Experimental birds in study 2 also had lower baseline corticosterone levels than controls. These changes suggest that the coping response observed in study 1 was not possible in study 2. These findings provide novel experimental evidence that birds detect and respond to changes in temperature and barometric pressure independent of other storm-related cues. One simulated storm per week resulted in potentially adaptive responses of increased mass. However, increasing the frequency of storm exposure to twice per week exceeded the birds’ capacity to maintain these energy reserves. These results also experimentally demonstrate that repeated exposure to inclement weather cues can directly affect birds’ energy reserves, even in the absence of a storm itself, with strong implications for survival as severe weather events continue to become more prevalent

Use of historic metabolic biotransformation data as a means of anticipating metabolic sites using MetaPrint2D and Bioclipse.

BACKGROUND: Predicting metabolic sites is important in the drug discovery process to aid in rapid compound optimisation. No interactive tool exists and most of the useful tools are quite expensive. RESULTS: Here a fast and reliable method to analyse ligands and visualise potential metabolic sites is presented which is based on annotated metabolic data, described by circular fingerprints. The method is available via the graphical workbench Bioclipse, which is equipped with advanced features in cheminformatics. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the speed of predictions (less than 50 ms per molecule), scientists can get real time decision support when editing chemical structures. Bioclipse is a rich client, which means that all calculations are performed on the local computer and do not require network connection. Bioclipse and MetaPrint2D are free for all users, released under open source licenses, and available from http://www.bioclipse.net.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are

Études de réseaux d’expression génique : utilité pour l’élucidation des déterminants génétiques des traits complexes

Les traits quantitatifs complexes sont des caractéristiques mesurables d’organismes vivants qui résultent de l’interaction entre plusieurs gènes et facteurs environnementaux. Les locus génétiques liés à un caractère complexe sont appelés «locus de traits quantitatifs » (QTL). Récemment, en considérant les niveaux d’expression tissulaire de milliers de gènes comme des traits quantitatifs, il est devenu possible de détecter des «QTLs d’expression» (eQTL). Alors que ces derniers ont été considérés comme des phénotypes intermédiaires permettant de mieux comprendre l’architecture biologique des traits complexes, la majorité des études visent encore à identifier une mutation causale dans un seul gène. Cette approche ne peut remporter du succès que dans les situations où le gène incriminé a un effet majeur sur le trait complexe, et ne permet donc pas d’élucider les situations où les traits complexes résultent d’interactions entre divers gènes. Cette thèse propose une approche plus globale pour : 1) tenir compte des multiples interactions possibles entre gènes pour la détection de eQTLs et 2) considérer comment des polymorphismes affectant l’expression de plusieurs gènes au sein de groupes de co-expression pourraient contribuer à des caractères quantitatifs complexes. Nos contributions sont les suivantes : Nous avons développé un outil informatique utilisant des méthodes d’analyse multivariées pour détecter des eQTLs et avons montré que cet outil augmente la sensibilité de détection d’une classe particulière de eQTLs. Sur la base d’analyses de données d’expression de gènes dans des tissus de souris recombinantes consanguines, nous avons montré que certains polymorphismes peuvent affecter l’expression de plusieurs gènes au sein de domaines géniques de co-expression. En combinant des études de détection de eQTLs avec des techniques d’analyse de réseaux de co-expression de gènes dans des souches de souris recombinantes consanguines, nous avons montré qu’un locus génétique pouvait être lié à la fois à l’expression de plusieurs gènes au niveau d’un domaine génique de co-expression et à un trait complexe particulier (c.-à-d. la masse du ventricule cardiaque gauche). Au total, nos études nous ont permis de détecter plusieurs mécanismes par lesquels des polymorphismes génétiques peuvent être liés à l’expression de plusieurs gènes, ces derniers pouvant eux-mêmes être liés à des traits quantitatifs complexes.Complex quantitative traits are measurable characteristics of living organisms resulting from the interaction between multiple genes and environmental factors. Genetic loci associated with complex trait are called "quantitative trait loci" (QTL). Recently, considering the expression levels of thousands of genes as quantitative traits, it has become possible to detect "expression QTLs " (eQTL). These eQTL are considered intermediate phenotypes and are used to better understand the biological architecture of complex traits. However the majority of studies still try to identify a causal mutation in a single gene. This approach can only meet success in situations where the gene incriminate as a major effect on the complex trait, and therefore can not elucidate the situations where complex traits result from interactions between various genes. This thesis proposes a more comprehensive approach to: 1) take into account the possible interactions between multiple genes for the detection of eQTLs and 2) consider how polymorphisms affecting the expression of several genes in a module of co-expression may contribute to quantitative complex traits. Our contributions are as follows: We have developed a tool using multivariate analysis techniques to detect eQTLs, and have shown that this tool increases the sensitivity of detection of a particular class of eQTLs. Based on the data analysis of gene expression in recombinant inbred strains mice tissues, we have shown that some polymorphisms may affect the expression of several genes in domain of co-expression. Combining eQTLs detection studies with network of co-expression genes analysis in recombinant inbred strains mice, we showed that a genetic locus could be linked to both the expression of multiple genes at a domain of gene co-expression and a specific complex trait (i.e. left ventricular mass). Our studies have detected several mechanisms by which genetic polymorphisms may be associated with the expression of several genes, and may themselves be linked to quantitative complex traits

Annotation des ARN non codants du génome de Candida albicans par méthode bioinformatique

La bio-informatique est un champ pluridisciplinaire qui utilise la biologie, l’informatique, la physique et les mathématiques pour résoudre des problèmes posés par la biologie. L’une des thématiques de la bio-informatique est l’analyse des séquences génomiques et la prédiction de gènes d’ARN non codants. Les ARN non codants sont des molécules d’ARN qui sont transcrites mais pas traduites en protéine et qui ont une fonction dans la cellule. Trouver des gènes d’ARN non codants par des techniques de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire est assez difficile et relativement coûteux. Ainsi, la prédiction des gènes d’ARNnc par des méthodes bio-informatiques est un enjeu important. Cette recherche décrit un travail d’analyse informatique pour chercher des nouveaux ARNnc chez le pathogène Candida albicans et d’une validation expérimentale. Nous avons utilisé comme stratégie une analyse informatique combinant plusieurs logiciels d’identification d’ARNnc. Nous avons validé un sous-ensemble des prédictions informatiques avec une expérience de puces à ADN couvrant 1979 régions du génome. Grace à cette expérience nous avons identifié 62 nouveaux transcrits chez Candida albicans. Ce travail aussi permit le développement d’une méthode d’analyse pour des puces à ADN de type tiling array. Ce travail présente également une tentation d’améliorer de la prédiction d’ARNnc avec une méthode se basant sur la recherche de motifs d’ARN dans les séquences.Bioinformatics is a multidisciplinary field that uses biology, computer science, physics and mathematics to solve problems in biology. One of the topics of bioinformatics is the analysis of genomic sequences and prediction of genes from non-coding RNA (ncRNA). The non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that are transcribed but not translated into protein and have a function in the cell. The use of biochemistry and molecular biology techniques in order to find non-coding RNA genes is rather difficult and relatively expensive. Thus, the prediction of genes by bioinformatics methods is an important issue. This research describes a computer analysis to search for new ncRNA in the pathogen Candida albicans and an experimental validation. The strategy used was to combine several algorithms and to validate a subset of computer predictions with a microarray experience covering 1979 regions of the genome. We have identified 62 new transcripts in Candida albicans. We have also developed an analytical method for tiling array and attempted to improve the prediction of ncRNAs this with a method based on the search of RNA motifs in the sequences

Marketing with More: An In-depth Look at Relationship Marketing with New Media in the Green Industry

Garden-center businesses have unique challenges related to the marketing of products. New and social media offer a way for garden-center operators to connect with customers and market products online in an effort to compete with box stores. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore how some garden-center businesses use social media and email marketing to build relationships with customers. Findings from eight in-depth interviews indicate garden-center stakeholders believe they are practicing relationship marketing through their e-newsletter and Facebook accounts. However, strategic planning is limited to an e-newsletter, marketing efforts show characteristics of one-way communication, and strategic measurement is absent. Lack of measurement could hinder the formation of profitable relationships. Owners, employees, and customers place high importance on educational content shared via social networks, but view advertising through new media differently. It is recommended garden-center owners and employees implement relationship-marketing techniques based on strategic measurement and planning to produce loyal brand advocates

In vivo manipulation of the extracellular matrix induces vascular regression in a basal chordate.

We investigated the physical role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in vascular homeostasis in the basal chordate Botryllus schlosseri, which has a large, transparent, extracorporeal vascular network encompassing an area >100 cm2 We found that the collagen cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase is expressed in all vascular cells and that in vivo inhibition using β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) caused a rapid, global regression of the entire network, with some vessels regressing >10 mm within 16 h. BAPN treatment changed the ultrastructure of collagen fibers in the vessel basement membrane, and the kinetics of regression were dose dependent. Pharmacological inhibition of both focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Raf also induced regression, and levels of phosphorylated FAK in vascular cells decreased during BAPN treatment and FAK inhibition but not Raf inhibition, suggesting that physical changes in the vessel ECM are detected via canonical integrin signaling pathways. Regression is driven by apoptosis and extrusion of cells through the basal lamina, which are then engulfed by blood-borne phagocytes. Extrusion and regression occurred in a coordinated manner that maintained vessel integrity, with no loss of barrier function. This suggests the presence of regulatory mechanisms linking physical changes to a homeostatic, tissue-level response

Bayesian Model Selection in Complex Linear Systems, as Illustrated in Genetic Association Studies

Motivated by examples from genetic association studies, this paper considers the model selection problem in a general complex linear model system and in a Bayesian framework. We discuss formulating model selection problems and incorporating context-dependent {\it a priori} information through different levels of prior specifications. We also derive analytic Bayes factors and their approximations to facilitate model selection and discuss their theoretical and computational properties. We demonstrate our Bayesian approach based on an implemented Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm in simulations and a real data application of mapping tissue-specific eQTLs. Our novel results on Bayes factors provide a general framework to perform efficient model comparisons in complex linear model systems