Geschichte der deutschen Volksschule in Osijek - Retfala 1816-1945

Napredak ljudske prosvjete postiže se samo naukovanjem i školovanjem. Shodno tomu, Austrijska vojna uprava osniva pukovnijske škole s njemačkim kao nastavnim jezikom. Uredba “Allgemeine Schulordnung” dala je temelje za nastanak Njemačkih pučkih škola u Austro-Ugarskoj monarhiji za potrebe djece njemačkih naseljenika. Prvi doseljenici na području Retfale, uglavnom svi rodom iz Bavarske i Württemberga osnivaju 1816. prvu pučku školu u Retfali kao i za područje koloniziranih sela Josipovca i Kravice. Prvi učitelji su bili Anton Metz, Daniel Schönhof,Ferdinand Rössler i Josef Schneider. Nova školska zgrada Njemačke pučke škole je otvorena za učenike 1912. godine Udžbenici za učenike Njemačke pučke škole su bili: Erstes Lesebuch nach der Fibel für den I. Jahrgang der Volksschule mit der Deutschen Unterrrichtssprache kao i Rechenübungen für III. und IV. Klasse der Volksschule. Njemačke učiteljice su bile u međuratnom razdoblju Rosalia Penz i Theresia Seitz predavajući u tri odjeljenja Njemačke pučke škole. Brojno stanje njemačkih učenika do 1940. godine iznosi 25 (izjašnjeni kao Nijemci po nacionalnosti). Godine 1940. izjašnjava se oko 90 učenika njemačkog podrijetla da su Nijemci i žele upis u Njemačka odjeljenja s njemačkim nastavnim jezikom.Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata njemačke školske vlasti zabranjuju njemačkoj djeci upis u hrvatske škole. Isto tako, prosvjetne vlasti NDH zabranjuju upis njemačke djece u hrvatske škole,ako su njihovi roditelji članovi Kulturbunda. 1943. godine škola prestaje s radom zbog useljenja odreda njemačke vojske u školsku zgradu. Godine 1944. zbog iseljavanja njemačkog pučanstva iz Retfale i odlaska s njemačkom vojskom, njemačka pučka škola prestaje s radom.Den Fortschritt der menschlichen Bildung erreicht man nur durch Lernen und Bildung. Demgemäß gründet die österreichische Militärverwaltung Regimentsschulen mit Deutsch als Lehrsprache. Die Verordnung “Allgemeine Schulordnung” gabdie Grundlage zur Entstehung der Deutschen Voksschulen in der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie für den Bedarf der Kinder deutscher Ansiedler. Die ersten Ansiedler aus dem Gebiete der Retfala, meistens alle aus Bayern und Württemberg,gründen 1816 die erste Volksschule in Retfala sowie auch für das Gebiet der kolonisierten Dörfer Josipovac und Kravice. Die ersten Lehrer waren Anton Metz, Daniel Schönhof, Ferdinand Rössler und Josef Schneider. Das neue Schulgebäude der Deutschen Volksschule wurde 1912 für die Schüler eröffnet. Die Lehrbücher für die Schüler der Deutschen Volksschule waren: Erstes Lesebuch nach der Fibel für den I. Jahrgang der Volksschule mit der Deutschen Unterrrichtssprache sowie auch Rechenübungen für III. und IV. Klasse der Volksschule. Deutsche Lehrerinnen in der Zwischenkriegszeit waren Rosalia Penz und Theresia Seitz, die in drei Klassen der Deutschen Volksschule unterrichteten. Die Anzahl der deutschen Schülern war bis 1940 25 (die sich als Deutsche deklarierten). Im Jahre 1940 erklärten ungefähr 90 Schüler deutschen Stammes sie seien Deutsche und wollen eine Immatrikulation in die deutschen Klassen mit deutscher Unterrichtssprache. Während des 2. Weltkrieges verbietet die deutsche Schulverwaltung den deutschen Kindern die Immatrikulierung in kroatische Schulen. Ebenso verbietet die Schulverwaltung des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien die Immatrikulierung der deutschen Kinder in kroatische Schulen,wenn deren Eltern Kulturbundmitglieder sind. 1943 endet die Tätigkeit der Schule wegen dem Einzug einer Einheit deutschen Militärs in das Schulgebäude. 1944 hört die Tätigkeit der Deutschen Volksschule wegen Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Retfala und Abzug mit dem deutschen Militär endgültig auf

The Antibacterial Activity of Coriolus versicolor Methanol Extract and Its Effect on Ultrastructural Changes of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Enteritidis

The antibacterial activity of methanol extract obtained from fruiting body of industrially grown basidiomycete Coriolus versicolor was examined. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values against various bacteria ranged from 0.625 to 20 mg mL(-1). versicolor expressed bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The growth curves of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, measured at 630 nm, and confirmed with macrodilution method showed that the obtained extract could inhibit the growth of tested bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the loss of 260-nm-absorbing material were used to examine the ultrastructural changes in bacteria induced by the extract. When S. aureus was exposed to the MIC of C. versicolor, elongated and malformed cells were observed by SEM, while S. Enteritidis treated cells appeared shorter and aggregated with ruptured cell walls. TEM revealed the formation of non-membrane-enclosed bodies and depleted inner content of S. aureus. Larger and irregular periplasmic space and deformed and scattered components of the cell envelope were observed in treated S. Enteritidis. The loss of 260-nm-absorbing material indicated that the disruptive action of the extract on cytoplasmic membrane was more pronounced in S. aureus than in S. Enteritidis treated cells. The UV and FTIR spectrophotometric analyses revealed diverse composition of C. versicolor extract and high content of total phenolics. Altogether, mushroom extracts could be used to develop nutraceuticals or drugs effective against pathogenic microorganisms

Accumulation of metal trace elements in different body parts of terrestrial Roman snail Helix pomatia L., 1758 on three polluted sites in Serbia

Atmospheric pollution remains one of the growing concerns in the twenty-first century, with particular focus on metal trace elements (MTE) from anthropogenic sources, due to their adverse effects on biota. The concentration and type of MTE in the atmosphere and in the soil are diverse, depending on the origin of pollutants, which can cause diverse detrimental effects on organisms living in the nearby environment. Three sites in Central Serbia with different origins of MTE pollution (urban contamination, smelting, and fly ash area) were assessed, using terrestrial Roman snails (Helix pomatia) as biomarker organisms. These snails are sentinel organisms and are known for their capacities for accumulation of MTE. Snails were sampled and their body was divided in three parts: viscera, foot, and shell and concentrations of MTE were determined in each of these body parts using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry. Results showed contrasting MTE accumulation patterns in body parts of the snails. Of three studied sites, snails sampled in the vicinity of fly ash containment had lower concentrations of MTE compared to other two polluted sites

Weighted logics for artificial intelligence : an introductory discussion

International audienceBefore presenting the contents of the special issue, we propose a structured introductory overview of a landscape of the weighted logics (in a general sense) that can be found in the Artificial Intelligence literature, highlighting their fundamental differences and their application areas

Geschichte der deutschen Volksschule in Osijek - Retfala 1816-1945

Napredak ljudske prosvjete postiže se samo naukovanjem i školovanjem. Shodno tomu, Austrijska vojna uprava osniva pukovnijske škole s njemačkim kao nastavnim jezikom. Uredba “Allgemeine Schulordnung” dala je temelje za nastanak Njemačkih pučkih škola u Austro-Ugarskoj monarhiji za potrebe djece njemačkih naseljenika. Prvi doseljenici na području Retfale, uglavnom svi rodom iz Bavarske i Württemberga osnivaju 1816. prvu pučku školu u Retfali kao i za područje koloniziranih sela Josipovca i Kravice. Prvi učitelji su bili Anton Metz, Daniel Schönhof,Ferdinand Rössler i Josef Schneider. Nova školska zgrada Njemačke pučke škole je otvorena za učenike 1912. godine Udžbenici za učenike Njemačke pučke škole su bili: Erstes Lesebuch nach der Fibel für den I. Jahrgang der Volksschule mit der Deutschen Unterrrichtssprache kao i Rechenübungen für III. und IV. Klasse der Volksschule. Njemačke učiteljice su bile u međuratnom razdoblju Rosalia Penz i Theresia Seitz predavajući u tri odjeljenja Njemačke pučke škole. Brojno stanje njemačkih učenika do 1940. godine iznosi 25 (izjašnjeni kao Nijemci po nacionalnosti). Godine 1940. izjašnjava se oko 90 učenika njemačkog podrijetla da su Nijemci i žele upis u Njemačka odjeljenja s njemačkim nastavnim jezikom.Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata njemačke školske vlasti zabranjuju njemačkoj djeci upis u hrvatske škole. Isto tako, prosvjetne vlasti NDH zabranjuju upis njemačke djece u hrvatske škole,ako su njihovi roditelji članovi Kulturbunda. 1943. godine škola prestaje s radom zbog useljenja odreda njemačke vojske u školsku zgradu. Godine 1944. zbog iseljavanja njemačkog pučanstva iz Retfale i odlaska s njemačkom vojskom, njemačka pučka škola prestaje s radom.Den Fortschritt der menschlichen Bildung erreicht man nur durch Lernen und Bildung. Demgemäß gründet die österreichische Militärverwaltung Regimentsschulen mit Deutsch als Lehrsprache. Die Verordnung “Allgemeine Schulordnung” gabdie Grundlage zur Entstehung der Deutschen Voksschulen in der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie für den Bedarf der Kinder deutscher Ansiedler. Die ersten Ansiedler aus dem Gebiete der Retfala, meistens alle aus Bayern und Württemberg,gründen 1816 die erste Volksschule in Retfala sowie auch für das Gebiet der kolonisierten Dörfer Josipovac und Kravice. Die ersten Lehrer waren Anton Metz, Daniel Schönhof, Ferdinand Rössler und Josef Schneider. Das neue Schulgebäude der Deutschen Volksschule wurde 1912 für die Schüler eröffnet. Die Lehrbücher für die Schüler der Deutschen Volksschule waren: Erstes Lesebuch nach der Fibel für den I. Jahrgang der Volksschule mit der Deutschen Unterrrichtssprache sowie auch Rechenübungen für III. und IV. Klasse der Volksschule. Deutsche Lehrerinnen in der Zwischenkriegszeit waren Rosalia Penz und Theresia Seitz, die in drei Klassen der Deutschen Volksschule unterrichteten. Die Anzahl der deutschen Schülern war bis 1940 25 (die sich als Deutsche deklarierten). Im Jahre 1940 erklärten ungefähr 90 Schüler deutschen Stammes sie seien Deutsche und wollen eine Immatrikulation in die deutschen Klassen mit deutscher Unterrichtssprache. Während des 2. Weltkrieges verbietet die deutsche Schulverwaltung den deutschen Kindern die Immatrikulierung in kroatische Schulen. Ebenso verbietet die Schulverwaltung des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien die Immatrikulierung der deutschen Kinder in kroatische Schulen,wenn deren Eltern Kulturbundmitglieder sind. 1943 endet die Tätigkeit der Schule wegen dem Einzug einer Einheit deutschen Militärs in das Schulgebäude. 1944 hört die Tätigkeit der Deutschen Volksschule wegen Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Retfala und Abzug mit dem deutschen Militär endgültig auf

Characterisation of general proteolytic, milk clotting and antifungal activity of Ficus carica latex during fruit ripening

BACKGROUNDThe physiological role of fig latex is to protect the plant from pathogens. Latex is a rich source of proteases, predominantly ficin. Fig latex also contains collagenolytic protease and chitinolytic enzymes. Our aim was to investigate changes in protein composition, enzyme and antifungal activities of fig latex during fruit ripening. RESULTSComparison of latex samples in different time periods showed a uniform increase of protein concentration in chronological order. The content of collagenolytic protease did not differ significantly in the latex samples, while the content of ficin decreased. Ficin-specific activity towards casein was the highest at the beginning of fruit development (about 80 U mg(-1)). Specific milk clotting activity increased as well as the abundance of casein band in the clots. Specific chitinolytic activity at the beginning of flowering was 6.5 times higher than the activity in the period when fruits are ripe. Antifungal activity is the most extensive in spring. CONCLUSIONFicin forms with different casein specificities are present in different proportions during fruit ripening, which is of importance for applications in the dairy industry. The protection mechanism against insects and fungi, which relies on chitinolytic activity, is the most important in the early phases of flowering and is replaced with other strategies over time

Semisolid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs): Effects on pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in rats

Semisolid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) with optimized drug loading capacity, stability, dispersibility in aqueous media and in vitro drug release profile, was evaluated in vivo regarding effects on pharmacokinetics of acyclovir, an antiviral with low bioavailability (BA) and short half-life (t(1/2)). Additional goal of this study was evaluation of safety of this semisolid SMEDDS consisted of medium chain length triglycerides (oil) (10% w/w), macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate (surfactant) (56.25% w/w), polyglyceryl-3-dioleate (cosurfactant) (6.25% w/w), glycerol (cosolvent) (20% w/w), macrogol 8000 (viscosity modifier) (7.5% w/w), and acyclovir (2.5 mg/ml). The study was performed on fully mature white male Wistar rats. The pharmacokinetics of acyclovir was monitored in three groups (1-3) of animals after administration of drug solution (intravenously (IV)), drug suspension (orally) and semisolid SMEDDS (orally), respectively. The determined pharmacokinetic parameters were: maximum concentration of acyclovir in serum (C-max), time taken to reach C-max (T-max), areas under time-concentration curves (AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity)), terminal elimination rate constant (k(el)), t(1/2), volume of distribution (V-d), mean residence time (MRT), clearance (Cl), zero concentration (C-0), steady state volume of distribution (V-ss), and BA. Additionally, for safety evaluation, animals were treated orally with aqueous solution of acyclovir, drug-free semisolid SMEDDS and acyclovir-loaded semisolid SMEDDS, during 21 days (groups 4-7). Serum samples of sacrificed animals were used for biochemical analysis of enzymatic activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Acyclovir administered by semisolid SMEDDS reached twice higher C-max (0.92 +/- 0.21 mu g/ml) and has significantly shorter T-max (14 +/- 10.84 min) compared to the suspension of acyclovir (C-max 0.29 +/- 0.09 mu g/ml and T-max 26.00 +/- 5.48 min). BA of the drug was significantly increased by semisolid SMEDDS, while the analysis of biochemical parameters excluded damage on function of liver and kidneys caused by the investigated drug delivery system