Sonochemical Formation of Peracetic Acid in Batch Reactor: Process Intensification and Kinetic Study

The present chapter highlights the kinetic studies for the sonochemical synthesis of peracetic acid (PAA) in a batch reactor. The effect of different operating parameters including acetic acid to hydrogen peroxide molar ratio, temperature, catalyst loading, effect of ultrasound, were studied using Amberlite IR-120H as a catalyst. The deactivation of the Amberlite IR-120H catalyst has also been studied. The experimental data were further utilized for the estimation of intrinsic reaction rate constants and equilibrium constants. From the experimental results; the optimized PAA concentration was observed for 471 mg/cm3 catalyst loading at 40°C with acetic acid to hydrogen peroxide molar ratio equals to 1:1 in the presence of ultrasound. Results also revealed that the reaction rate was found to be significantly enhanced in the presence of ultrasound, which can be attributed to the enhanced mixing and in-situ formation of H2O2. The use of ultrasound drastically reduces the overall reaction time to 60 min, which is very less compared to 30 h as reported for conventional batch reactor utilizing H2O2 only

Supercapacitor Supported by Nickel, Cobalt and Conducting Polymer Based Materials: Design Techniques and Current Advancement

The recent advanced electronic appliances demand special high power devices with lightweight, flexible, inexpensive, and environment friendly in nature. In addition, for many industrial and automotive applications, we need energy storage systems that can store energy in a short time and deliver an intense pulse of energy for long duration. Till date the Li-ion battery is the only choice for fulfilling all our energy storage demands. However, the high cost, limited availability and non-environmental nature of electrodes and electrolyte material of Li-ion battery limits its applicability. Hence, the world demands an alternative replacement for the Li-ion battery. In this regard, the supercapacitor is one of the most emerging and potential energy storage devices. The electrode plays an important role in supercapacitors. The nickel and cobalt based oxide, hydroxides, and their composites with conducting polymer are promising and highly appreciated electrode materials for supercapacitors. This chapter covers the recent advances in supercapacitors supported by nickel, cobalt and conducting polymer based materials and their applications predominantly described in the recent literature. Recent advances are reviewed including new methods of synthesis, nanostructuring, and self-assembly using surfactant and modifiers. This chapter also covered the applications of supercapacitors in powering the light weight, flexible and wearable electronics

An ultra scale-down methodology to characterize aspects of the response of human cells to processing by membrane separation operations

Tools that allow cost-effective screening of the susceptibility of cell lines to operating conditions which may apply during full scale processing are central to the rapid development of robust processes for cell-based therapies. In this paper, an ultra scale-down (USD) device has been developed for the characterization of the response of a human cell line to membrane-based processing, using just a small quantity of cells that is often all that is available at the early discovery stage. The cell line used to develop the measurements was a clinically relevant human fibroblast cell line. The impact was evaluated by cell damage on completion of membrane processing as assessed by trypan blue exclusion and release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Similar insight was gained from both methods and this allowed the extension of the use of the LDH measurements to examine cell damage as it occurs during processing by a combination of LDH appearance in the permeate and mass balancing of the overall operation. Transmission of LDH was investigated with time of operation and for the two disc speeds investigated (6,000 and 10,000 rpm or ϵmax  ≈ 1.9 and 13.5 W mL-1 , respectively). As expected, increased energy dissipation rate led to increased transmission as well as significant increases in rate and extent of cell damage. The method developed can be used to test the impact of varying operating conditions and cell lines on cell damage and morphological changes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1241-1251. © 2017 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Triple antiplatelet therapy for preventing vascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy is usually superior to mono therapy in preventing recurrent vascular events (VEs). This systematic review assesses the safety and efficacy of triple antiplatelet therapy in comparison with dual therapy in reducing recurrent vascular events.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Completed randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of triple versus dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease or peripheral vascular disease were identified using electronic bibliographic searches. Data were extracted on composite VEs, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, death and bleeding and analysed with Cochrane Review Manager software. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effects models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-five completed randomized trials (17,383 patients with IHD) were included which involving the use of intravenous (iv) GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors (abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban), aspirin, clopidogrel and/or cilostazol. In comparison with aspirin-based therapy, triple therapy using an intravenous GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor significantly reduced composite VEs and MI in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) (VE: OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55-0.86; MI: OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.56-0.88) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (VE: OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.30-0.51; MI: OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.17-0.38). A significant reduction in death was also noted in STEMI patients treated with GP IIb/IIIa based triple therapy (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49-0.99). Increased minor bleeding was noted in STEMI and elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients treated with GP IIb/IIIa based triple therapy. Stroke events were too infrequent for us to be able to identify meaningful trends and no data were available for patients recruited into trials on the basis of stroke or peripheral vascular disease.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Triple antiplatelet therapy based on iv GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors was more effective than aspirin-based dual therapy in reducing VEs in patients with acute coronary syndromes (STEMI and NSTEMI). Minor bleeding was increased among STEMI and elective PCI patients treated with a GP IIb/IIIa based triple therapy. In patients undergoing elective PCI, triple therapy had no beneficial effect and was associated with an 80% increase in transfusions and an eightfold increase in thrombocytopenia. Insufficient data exist for patients with prior ischaemic stroke and peripheral vascular disease and further research is needed in these groups of patients.</p

Shear damage to animal cells due to disengagement of spherical cap bubbles

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN016769 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Establishing Baseline Electrical Energy Consumption in Wood Processing Sawmills: A model based on energy analysis and diagnostics.

This research focuses on the benchmarking of electrical energy use at sawmills. Lean energy, a concept similar to lean manufacturing, has been applied in this research to enable facility personnel to understand the specific energy consumption at their sawmill. Becoming lean reduces operating costs and increases profitability. A user-friendly interactive model, Baseline Electrical Energy Consumption in Wood Processing Sawmills (BEECWPS), was developed to enable the user to develop an energy profile based on the sawmill process dynamics and to provide real-time information about the process and production details. Process and production data were gathered by visiting six sawmill facilities in West Virginia. A detailed methodology was developed to collect the field data and determine the specific energy consumption (SEC). The BEECWPS model has the capability of developing the energy benchmark for the facility under consideration upon successful submission of the required data. System analysts can use BEECWPS to effectively identify the effect of production parameters on energy and to revise strategies regarding production for an existing or a new facility. The use of the BEECWPS model does not hamper the production process, so the user may run the model for a set of operating conditions and study the results. From the sensitivity analysis conducted at one of the sawmill facilities, it was found that wood species is the most important factor contributing to variations in energy use with the SEC ranging from 102.1–124.7 kWh/mbf. The energy use for this facility can be reduced by 3.9 percent

An impact of sewage pumping failure on coastal water quality of Mumbai, India

1528-1538A model was conceptualised to emulate the behaviour of coastal water during high and low tides and the impact of the pump failure in present and projected future scenarios was estimated on it. The model was validated before being used for failure scenario simulation. The study indicates that potential adverse effects on water quality are imminent in case of sewage pumping station failure and warrants better planning and management in terms of diversionary and evacuation routes and preparedness plans