Analys av metoder för sökmotoroptimering : Hur öka synligheten för sin webbplats

Det här arbetet behandlar olika metoder för att optimera sin webbplats för sökmotorer. Syftet är att ge en inblick i hur sökmotorer fungerar, hur folk använder sig av dem, samt att förse läsaren med lämpliga redskap för att själv kunna sökmotoroptimera mindre webbplatser. Arbetet fokuserar på gratis, allmänt accepterade metoder som alla kan använda sig av. På grund av Google dominans behandlas främst deras sökmotor. Arbetet grundar sig på elektroniska källor samt en del egna undersökningar. Arbetet börjar med att reda ut hur sökmotorer fungerar och hur folk använder sig av dem. Metoderna för att sökmotoroptimera webbplatser har delats in i onpage- och offpage-metoder. På så vis får läsaren först en inblick i hur man optimerar en webbplats på bästa sätt, och sedan kunskap om andra externa faktorer som man behöver ta i beaktande. Som avslutning har en jämförelse mellan några högt rankade webbplatser gjorts och läsaren presenteras även med framtidsutsikter för sökmotoroptimering. Arbetet strävar efter att vara så lättläst som möjligt, men på grund av sin tekniska natur krävs det att läsaren har en grundförståelse för hur webbplatser är uppbyggda, samt känner till HTML och CSS.This thesis deals with various methods for optimizing a website for search engines. The purpose is to give an insight into how search engines work, how people use them, and to provide the reader with the necessary tools for optimizing smaller websites. The thesis focuses on free, widely accepted methods that anyone can use. Because of Google's dominance, their search engine is primarily dealt with. The thesis is based on electronic sources, as well as some of my own investigations. The thesis begins with sorting out how search engines work and how people use them. The methods for optimizing websites have been divided into on-page and off-page methods. This first gives the reader an insight into how to optimize a website in the best way, and then the knowledge of other external factors that one needs to take into consideration. In conclusion, a comparison between some high ranking sites is made and the reader is also presented with the outlook for search engine optimization. The thesis strives to be as easily readable as possible, but due to its technical nature the reader is required to have a basic understanding of how websites are constructed, and also be familiar with HTML and CSS

Representationslikhetsanalys med flera modeller och korsvalidering inom magnetoencefalografi

Due to the increased availability of computational resources, more complex analysis methods taking advantage of the inherent high dimensionality of the data can be employed in functional brain imaging, allowing for development and assessment of intricate models. Models are utilized for both explanatory and predictive purposes and permits generalization from individual brain responses to the functioning principles of the brain. Representational similarity analysis (RSA) is a framework allowing evaluation of the performance of models by comparison to imaging data via the use of representational distance matrices (RDMs). This type of analysis also enables finding the linear combination of models that best explains the imaging data, something that successfully has been applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. In this thesis, RSA is applied to magnetoencephalography (MEG) data on the sensor level using a spatiotemporal searchlight approach. The method is validated through simulations based on the forward-inverse modelling framework of MEG, where complete control over the source activation is exerted. Non-negative least squares fitting of a linear combination of multiple models is carried out, with an additional option of performing leave-$k$-out cross-validation to prevent overfitting to the simulated dataset. Finally, the method is applied to real MEG data

Long-Term Effects of Climate and Litter Chemistry on Rates and Stable Fractions of Decomposing Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Needle Litter—A Synthesis

We have reviewed information on early-, late- and limit-value decomposition stages for litter of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus silvestris). This synthesis covers c 16 studies/papers made along a climatic gradient; range in mean annual temperature (MAT) from −1 to +7 °C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 425 to 1070 mm. Scots pine has an early stage dominated by carbohydrate decomposition and a late stage dominated by decomposition of lignin; Norway spruce has just one stage dominated by lignin decomposition. We used data for annual mass loss to identify rate-regulating factors in both stages; climate data, namely, MAT and MAP, as well as substrate properties, namely, nitrogen (N), acid unhydrolyzable residue (AUR), manganese (Mn). Early-stage decomposition for Scots pine litter was dominated positively by MAT; the late stage was dominated negatively by MAT, N, and AUR, changing with decomposition stage; there was no effect of Mn. Norway spruce litter had no early stage; decomposition in the lignin-dominated stage was mainly negative to MAP, a negative relationship to AUR and non-significant relationships to N and MAT. Mn had a positive relationship. Limit values for decomposition, namely, the accumulated mass loss at which decomposition is calculated to be zero, were related positively to Mn and AUR for Scots pine litter and negatively to AUR for Norway spruce litter. With different sets of rate-regulating factors as well as different compounds/elements related to the limit values, the decomposition patterns or pathways are different

Long-Term Effects of Climate and Litter Chemistry on Rates and Stable Fractions of Decomposing Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Needle Litter—A Synthesis

We have reviewed information on early-, late- and limit-value decomposition stages for litter of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus silvestris). This synthesis covers c 16 studies/papers made along a climatic gradient; range in mean annual temperature (MAT) from −1 to +7 °C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 425 to 1070 mm. Scots pine has an early stage dominated by carbohydrate decomposition and a late stage dominated by decomposition of lignin; Norway spruce has just one stage dominated by lignin decomposition. We used data for annual mass loss to identify rate-regulating factors in both stages; climate data, namely, MAT and MAP, as well as substrate properties, namely, nitrogen (N), acid unhydrolyzable residue (AUR), manganese (Mn). Early-stage decomposition for Scots pine litter was dominated positively by MAT; the late stage was dominated negatively by MAT, N, and AUR, changing with decomposition stage; there was no effect of Mn. Norway spruce litter had no early stage; decomposition in the lignin-dominated stage was mainly negative to MAP, a negative relationship to AUR and non-significant relationships to N and MAT. Mn had a positive relationship. Limit values for decomposition, namely, the accumulated mass loss at which decomposition is calculated to be zero, were related positively to Mn and AUR for Scots pine litter and negatively to AUR for Norway spruce litter. With different sets of rate-regulating factors as well as different compounds/elements related to the limit values, the decomposition patterns or pathways are different

Enhancing the EAST-ADL error model with HiP-HOPS semantics

EAST-ADL is a domain-specific modelling language for the engineering of automotive embedded systems. The language has abstractions that enable engineers to capture a variety of information about design in the course of the lifecycle — from requirements to detailed design of hardware and software architectures. The specification of the EAST-ADL language includes an error model extension which documents language structures that allow potential failures of design elements to be specified locally. The effects of these failures are then later assessed in the context of the architecture design. To provide this type of useful assessment, a language and a specification are not enough; a compiler-like tool that can read and operate on a system specification together with its error model is needed. In this paper we integrate the error model of EAST-ADL with the precise semantics of HiP-HOPS — a state-of-the-art tool that enables dependability analysis and optimization of design models. We present the integration concept between EAST-ADL structure and HiP-HOPS error propagation logic and its transformation into the HiP-HOPS model. Source and destination models are represented using the corresponding XML formats. The connection of these two models at tool level enables practical EAST-ADL designs of embedded automotive systems to be analysed in terms of dependability, i.e. safety, reliability and availability. In addition, the information encoded in the error model can be re-used across different contexts of application with the associated benefits for cost reduction, simplification, and rationalisation of dependability assessments in complex engineering designs

Investigating an Incubator for Digital innovation in Cultural Heritage

In this case study we investigate a cultural heritage incubator, using theoretical constructs suggested suitable for the study of digital innovation in open-ended value landscapes or ecosystems. Interviews are conducted with eight entrepreneurial firms participating in the incubator, who develop digital innovations within the cultural heritage domain, representatives from museums, also a document study and active participation in incubator activities has been utilized for data collection. A content analysis was conducted using a deductive approach where theoretical constructs from digital innovation literature were used to derive themes connected to concepts of value creation and value capture, value co-creation and co-destruction as well as value spaces paths and recombination. Recommendations are made and the ability of existing theoretical constructs to capture the specific characteristics of the case are made

Efficient CRISPR-rAAV engineering of endogenous genes to study protein function by allele-specific RNAi.

Gene knockout strategies, RNAi and rescue experiments are all employed to study mammalian gene function. However, the disadvantages of these approaches include: loss of function adaptation, reduced viability and gene overexpression that rarely matches endogenous levels. Here, we developed an endogenous gene knockdown/rescue strategy that combines RNAi selectivity with a highly efficient CRISPR directed recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) mediated gene targeting approach to introduce allele-specific mutations plus an allele-selective siRNA Sensitive (siSN) site that allows for studying gene mutations while maintaining endogenous expression and regulation of the gene of interest. CRISPR/Cas9 plus rAAV targeted gene-replacement and introduction of allele-specific RNAi sensitivity mutations in the CDK2 and CDK1 genes resulted in a >85% site-specific recombination of Neo-resistant clones versus ∼8% for rAAV alone. RNAi knockdown of wild type (WT) Cdk2 with siWT in heterozygotic knockin cells resulted in the mutant Cdk2 phenotype cell cycle arrest, whereas allele specific knockdown of mutant CDK2 with siSN resulted in a wild type phenotype. Together, these observations demonstrate the ability of CRISPR plus rAAV to efficiently recombine a genomic locus and tag it with a selective siRNA sequence that allows for allele-selective phenotypic assays of the gene of interest while it remains expressed and regulated under endogenous control mechanisms

The Promise of a Crowd

This paper presents an evaluation of a mobile complaint and problem-reporting solution made for Swedish municipalities and their citizens. The evaluation is made through a government 2.0 framework to assess the appropriateness of the initiative as a citizen-sourcing solution. The research approach consists of a secondary analysis of empirical data. The researchers have been active participants in gathering the data for the secondary analysis. The results show that although the promise of the crowd is very prominent in the technical platform, municipalities are not prepared to fully utilize the citizen-sourcing solution. The main contribution for research is a widening of the body of knowledge regarding citizen-sourcing by an empirical application of a previously developed theoretical citizen-sourcing framework. The paper contributes to society and practice through highlighting difficulties that can be expected when realizing the promise of the crowd

DESIGNING AN M-GOVERNMENT SOLUTION: ENABLING COLLABORATION THROUGH CITIZEN SOURCING

y combining openness with m-government, OECD and the research community envisage benefits, and action is called for within this field. The objective of this paper is to answer these calls and address the research question How to design a citizen sourcing m-government solution to facilitate collaboration between governments and citizens? An instantiation of a complaint and problem management solution is designed and evaluated using design science. The solution (named Munizapp) comprises a mobile application (app) and an integration platform (ePlatform). The app is the front-end for citizens, enabling them to report complaints and problems to municipalities. The ePlatform facilitates seamless two-way communication between the app and back-end case management system in municipalities. Different evaluation activities have been carried out that proved the enabling features of the solution for facilitating collaboration. Usability evaluation and knowledge gained through the research process provides new knowledge to citizen sourcing and m-government theory. One example is the need to expand citizen sourcing frameworks to also include stakeholders other than citizens and governments as well as the need to explicate value co-creation between all stakeholders touched by the solution. The paper ends with suggestion for future research on value co-creation

Konsumentens dilemma

A majority of Swedish consumers have a positive attitude towards organic production and the number of organic products on the market is increasing. Despite these positive trends, there are still relatively few consumers who choose to buy organic produced products. According to statistics, only 3% of the total sales of food consist of organic products. The aim with this essay is to understand what is needed, both from the grocery store and the consumer's point of view, to increase the consumption of organic food. Information has been collected partly through questionnaire with consumers and partly through analysis of sales statistics for a selected numbers of products. Then the empirical material have been analysed in the light of a combination of the Behavioural Perspective Model (Foxell, 1997) and Kotler's Four P:s (Kotler, 2002). Consumer's willingness to buy organic products is influenced by a number of different factors. One important thing is if the grocery store offers a behaviour setting that stimulates the consumers positive attitude and facilitates their possibilities to collect new information. Furthermore, the store needs to offer a broad and well-visualised selection of organic products. The comparison between stores with and without an environmental profile shows that stores with an environmental profile, to a greater extent, have succeeded in creating a situation that stimulates the consumers wish to buy organic products. Another interesting result is that consumer with more than average knowledge of organic production seems to be less sensitive for the price. This group also has a more positive attitude and that strengthen the possibility that the consumer will buy an organic alternative. The goal is to educate the big majority of consumers that, despite a positive attitude, yet don't buy organic products. With increased knowledge they may be convinced to use their positive attitude and change their behaviour. Hopefully, the behaviour later on can evolve to a habit of buying organic products. Results from the multiple-regressions analyses shows that a consumer that buy a certain organic product only is affected by changes in price in equivalent organic products and not by the conventional alternatives. Furthermore its seems that consumers who choose to buy organic products are less price sensitive. The conclusion from the analysis is that lacking knowledge about organic production is the main reason to why many consumers don't by organic food. Increased information in the stores would probably be the simplest and most efficient way of increasing consumption of organic products.Majoriteten av Sveriges konsumenter är positivt inställda till ekologisk produktion och utbudet av ekologiska livsmedel på marknaden ökar stadigt. Trots dessa gynnsamma tendenser är det relativt få konsumenter som verkligen väljer att köpa ekologiskt producerat. Enligt statistiken utgör de ekologiska produkterna endast 3% av det totala försäljningsvärdet av livsmedel i Sverige (Furemar, 2003). Syftet med denna uppsats är att försöka förstå vad som krävs, både av livsmedelsbutiken och konsumenten själv, för att konsumtionen av ekologiska livsmedel ska öka. Undersökningen bygger på en kvantitativ metod där information insamlats dels genom enkätundersökningar med konsumenter och dels genom kassadataanalyser för ett urval produkter. Det empiriska materialet har därefter analyserats med hjälp av en kombination av Beteende Perspektiv Modellen (Foxall, 1997) och Kotler’s klassiska fyra P:n (Kotler, 2002). Resultatet visar att det finns flera faktorer som inverkar på konsumentens benägenhet att köpa ekologiskt producerade varor. Dels krävs det att konsumenten har en positiv inställning till ekologisk produktion och att de besitter ett visst mått av kunskap på området. Dels krävs det att livsmedelsbutiken erbjuder en inköpssituation som stimulerar konsumentens positiva attityd och underlättar kunskapsinhämtandet. Det fordras dessutom att butiken kan erbjuda ett brett och väl synliggjort ekologiskt sortiment så att konsumenten ges möjlighet att agera i enlighet med sin övertygelse. Jämförelsen mellan butiker med och utan miljöprofil visade att miljöbutikerna i högre utsträckning lyckats skapa en inköpssituation som verkar stimulerande på konsumentens önskan att köpa ekologiskt. Ett annat samband som undersökningen påvisar är att ökad kunskap minskar konsumentens priskänslighet, stärker den positiva attityden och ökar sannolikheten för att konsumenten ska köpa de ekologiska alternativen. Målet är alltså att nå ut med information till den stora andel av konsumenterna som trots en positiv inställning endast köper ekologiska produkter ibland. Genom kunskap ökar sannolikheten för att dessa konsumenters positiva attityd ska utvecklas till ett reellt beteende. Förhoppningsvis utvecklas detta beteende därefter till en vana. Resultat från multipel - regressionsanalyserna visar att konsumenter som köper en viss ekologisk produkt endast påverkas av prisförändringar hos likvärdiga ekologiska produkter och inte av de konventionella alternativen. Dessutom tycks det som att konsumenter som väljer att köpa ekologiska produkter är mindre känsliga för priset än andra. Slutsatsen är att bristande kunskap om ekologisk produktion är den främsta anledningen till de ekologiska produkternas låga marknadsandel. Utökad konsumentinformation i butiken skulle troligen vara den enklaste och effektivaste metoden för att höja konsumtionen av ekologiska livsmedel. ii