Dogs Discriminate Identical Twins

Earlier studies have shown variation among experimental attempts to establish whether human monozygotic twins that are genetically identical also have identical individual scents. In none of the cases were the dogs able to distinguish all the individual scents of monozygotic twins living in the same environment if the scents were presented to them separately. Ten specially trained police German Shepherd dogs of three Czech Republic Police Regional Headquarters were used for scent identification in our study. The dogs were supposed to match scents of two monozygotic pairs (5 and 7 years old) and two dizygotic twin pairs (8 and 13 years old). Scents were collected on cotton squares stored in glass jars. Dog handlers were blind to the experiment details. In each trial (line-up), one scent was used as a starting scent and the dog was then sent to determine if any of the 7 presented glass jars contained a matching scent. Scents of children of similar ages were used as distractors. In the matching procedure, the dogs matched correctly the scent of one twin with the other, as well as two scents collected from every single identical and non-identical twin to prove their efficacy and likewise, the presence of the matching twin scent in any given glass jar. All dogs in all trials distinguished correctly the scents of identical as well as non-identical twins. All dogs similarly matched positively two scents collected from the same individuals. Our findings indicated that specially trained German Shepherd dogs are able to distinguish individual scents of identical twins despite the fact that they live in the same environment, eat the same food and even if the scents are not presented to them simultaneously

Structure-transport relationships in disordered solids using integrated rate of gas sorption and mercury porosimetry

This work describes a new experimental approach that delivers novel information on structure-transport relationships in disordered porous pellets. Integrated rate of adsorption and mercury porosimetry experiments have been used to probe the relative importance of particular sub-sets of pores to mass transport rates within the network of two disordered porous solids. This was achieved by examining the relative rates of low pressure gas uptake into a network, both before, and after, a known set of pores was filled with frozen, entrapped mercury. For catalyst pellets, formed by tableting, it has been found that the compaction pressure affects the relative contribution to overall mass transport made by the subset of the largest pores. Computerised X-ray tomography (CXT) has been used to map the spatial distribution of entrapped mercury and revealed that the relative importance of the sub-sets of pores is related to their level of pervasiveness across the pellet, and whether they percolate to the centre of the pellet. It has been shown that a combination of integrated mercury porosimetry and gas sorption, together with CXT, can comprehensively reveal the impact of manufacturing process parameters on pellet structure and mass transport properties. Hence, the new method can be used in the design and optimisation of pellet manufacturing processes

Techniques for direct experimental evaluation of structure-transport relationships in disordered porous solids

Determining structure-transport relationships is critical to optimising the activity and selectivity performance of porous pellets acting as heterogeneous catalysts for diffusion-limited reactions. For amorphous porous systems determining the impact of particular aspects of the void space on mass transport often requires complex characterization and modelling steps to deconvolve the specific influence of the feature in question. These characterization and modelling steps often have limited accuracy and precision. It is the purpose of this work to present a case-study demonstrating the use of a more direct experimental evaluation of the impact of pore network features on mass transport. The case study evaluated the efficacy of the macropores of a bidisperse porous foam structure on improving mass transport over a purely mesoporous system. The method presented involved extending the novel integrated gas sorption and mercury porosimetry method to include uptake kinetics. Results for the new method were compared with those obtained by the alternative NMR cryodiffusometry technique, and found to lead to similar conclusions. It was found that the experimentally-determined degree of influence of the foam macropores was in line with expectations from a simple resistance model for a disconnected macropore network

Combining mercury thermoporometry with integrated gas sorption and mercury porosimetry to improve accuracy of pore-size distributions for disordered solids

The typical approach to analysing raw data, from common pore characterization methods such as gas sorption and mercury porosimetry, to obtain pore size distributions for disordered porous solids generally makes several critical assumptions that impact the accuracy of the void space descriptors thereby obtained. These assumptions can lead to errors in pore size of as much as 500%. In this work, we eliminated these assumptions by employing novel experiments involving fully integrated gas sorption, mercury porosimetry and mercury thermoporometry techniques. The entrapment of mercury following porosimetry allowed the isolation (for study) of a particular subset of pores within a much larger interconnected network. Hence, a degree of specificity of findings to particular pores, more commonly associated with use of templated, model porous solids, can also be achieved for disordered materials. Gas sorption experiments were conducted in series, both before and after mercury porosimetry, on the same sample, and the mercury entrapped following porosimetry was used as the probe fluid for theromporometry. Hence, even if one technique, on its own, is indirect, requiring unsubstantiated assumptions, the fully integrated combination of techniques described here permits the validation of assumptions used in one technique by another. Using controlled-pore glasses as model materials, mercury porosimetry scanning curves were used to establish the correct correspondence between the appropriate Gibbs–Thomson parameter, and the nature of the meniscus geometry in melting, for thermoporometry measurements on entrapped mercury. Mercury thermoporometry has been used to validate the pore sizes, for a series of sol–gel silica materials, obtained from mercury porosimetry data using the independently-calibrated Kloubek correlations. The pore sizes obtained for sol–gel silicas from porosimetry and thermoporometry have been shown to differ substantially from those obtained via gas sorption and NLDFT analysis. DRIFTS data for the samples studied has suggested that the cause of this discrepancy may arise from significant differences in the surface chemistries between the samples studied here and that used to calibrate the NLDFT potentials

Detection of the delayed condensation effect and determination of its impact on the accuracy of gas adsorption pore size distributions

Macroscopic, highly disordered, mesoporous materials present a continuing challenge for accurate pore structure characterization. The typical macroscopic variation in local average pore space descriptors means that methods capable of delivering statistically representative characterizations are required. Gas adsorption is a representative but indirect method, normally requiring assumptions about the correct model for data analysis. In this work we present a novel method to both expand the range, and obtain greater accuracy, for the information obtained from the main boundary adsorption isotherms by using a combination of data obtained for two adsorptives, namely nitrogen and argon, both before and after mercury porosimetry. The method makes use of the fact that nitrogen and argon apparently ‘see’ a different pore geometry following mercury entrapment, with argon, relatively, ‘ignoring’ new metal surfaces produced by mercury porosimetry. The new method permits the study of network and pore–pore co-operative effects during adsorption that substantially affect the accuracy of the characteristic parameters, such as modal pore size, obtained for disordered materials. These effects have been explicitly quantified, for a typical sol-gel silica catalyst support material as a case study. The technique allowed the large discrepancies between modal pore sizes obtained from standard gas adsorption and mercury thermoporometry methods to be attributed to the network-based delayed condensation effect, rather than spinodal adsorption. Once the network-based delayed condensation effect had been accounted for, the simple cylindrical pore model and macroscopic thermodynamic Kelvin-Cohan equation were then found sufficient to accurately describe adsorption in the material studied, rather than needing a more complex microscopic theory. Hence, for disordered mesoporous solids, a proper account of inter-pore interactions is more important than that of intra-pore adsorbate density distribution, to obtain accurate pore size distributions