TINJAUAN FIKIH MUAMALAH TERHADAP PRAKTIK PEMBAGIAN RESIKO DALAM TERNAK SAPI ANTARA KELOMPOK TANI DENGAN PENGELOLA (Stadi Di Tiyuh Kartaraharja Kecamatan Tulang Bawang Udik Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Barat)

ABTRAK Pembagian resiko di awali dengan akad Mudharabah merupakan kerjasama antara pemilik modal dengan pengelola modal untuk menjalankan sebuah usahanya dengan modal tersebut seperti yang dilakukan oleh peternak di Tiyuh Kartaraharja mempunyai peluang keuntungan yang besar jika dilihat dari letak geografisnya yang tidak jauh dari daerah perkebunan bagi hasil diawali dengan klompok tani memberikan modal sebagai digunakan untuk permodalan peternak, pembagian resiko ini kemudian pembagian hasil ternak yang sudah saatnya di bagi dua sebanyak 40/60% antra kelompok tani dengan pengelola tetapi dalam pelaksanaannya masih terdapat unsur ketidak jelasan dalam akad Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini,Bagaimana praktik pembagian resiko antara klompok tani dengan pengelola? Dan Bagaimana tinjauaan fiqih muamalah terhadap pembagian resiko antara kelompok tani dengan pengelola? Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana praktik pembagian resiko antara klompok tani dengan pengelola, Untuk mengetahui bagaimana pandangan hukum Islam di tinjau dari fikih muamalah mengenai praktik pembagian resiko antara kelompok tani dengan pengelola Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan (Field Research) yang bersifat deskriptif analitik. Sumber data primer yang diperoleh dari lapangan atau lokasi penelitian yaitu menggunakan metode survei melalui metode pengumpulan data wawancara pribadi dengan pemodal serta pengelola ternak data sekunder yang digunakan berupa data tertulis yeng diperoleh dari berbagai sumber yang berkaitan dengan tujuan penelitian yaitu dari wawancara para pengelola ternak, buku-buku, jurnal, artikel, potensi peternakan di Tiyuh Kartaraharja Kecamatan. Tulang Bawang Udik Kabupaten. Tulang Bawang Barat Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan di Tiyuh Kartaraharja tentang praktik pembagian resiko antara klompok tani dengan pengelola yang diterapkan, bahwa dalam praktik nya dalam presentase yakni 40%/60% dari 32 populasi dari angota kelompok tani 29, dan 3 dari luar klompok tani sebagai pengelola ternak yakni 16 orang baik dari angota dan dari luar angota 3 dari pengelola saja dan 13 dari pengelola dan pemodal, 16 orang yang hanya sebagi pemodal saja, dengan presen tase % 40-60, 40 % milik kelompok tani dan 60 % untuk pengelola, 40, Tinjaun fikih muamalah terhadap praktik pembagian resiko pada ternak sapi antara klompok tani dengan pengelola, berdasarkan hasil dalam analiais akibat ada ketidak jelas pada pembagian resiko yang di lakukan pengelola merasa di rugikan dan merasa tidak adil namu dalam konsep mudharobah selagi resiko kerugian dan resiko lainya sesuai dengan prinsip mudaharobah tidak di karnakan kecurang ataupun di sebabkan oleh pengelola maka di perbolehkan pembagin resiko ternak sapi antara kelompok tani dan penglola tidak sesuai dengan syari’at Islam yang dapat merugikan pihak penglola, hendak nya jika di laksanakan dan di tetapkan bersama dalam penetapan pembagian resiko, Dalam mengadakan akad atau perjanjian mudharabah sebaiknya dilakukan perjanjian secara tertulis agar bukti dari perjanjian jelas dan jika salah satu pihak melanggar dapat dikenakan sanksi

Improving Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing to Support Management of Cadmium Levels In Cocoa in Latin America and the Caribbean for Export to the EU

En respuesta a los niveles máximos estrictos para el contenido de cadmio en los productos de cacao y chocolate importados a la EU se diseña el Proyecto Cadmio en el Cacao. Este pretende apoyar a los países (Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Trinidad & Tobago) a desarrollar una vía que facilite y mejore el conocimiento actual de dichos países, así se pueden renovar las prácticas en las cadenas de valor del cacao de ALC para mitigar el cadmio en el cacao de la región y cumplir con las regulaciones internacionales sobre concentraciones del mismo en productos derivados del cacao, mismas que puedan ser adoptadas por otros países en el sector cacaotero. Además, como resultados están el apoyo brindado en la coordinación e intercambio de información sobre las mejores prácticas para la mitigación y remediación del cadmio en el cacao, el desarrollo y estandarización de la capacidad técnica para analizar los niveles de cadmio, mejor conocimiento de la presencia de cadmio en las áreas de cultivo de cacao de los países del proyecto a través del análisis y el mapeo y la difusión de los resultados a las partes interesadas del cacao a través de talleres

Perhitungan Rencana Waktu Dan Biaya Pelaksanaan Proyek Gedung Bpkad (Badan Pengelola Keuangan Dan Aset Daerah) Provinsi Jawa Timur

Gedung BPKAD (Badan Pengelola Keuangan Dan Aset Daerah) Provinsi Jawa Timur merupakan bangunan kantor 5 lantai dengan luas bangunan ± 1.450 m2, terletak di Jl. Johar No.19-21, Surabaya. Pada pembangunannya memerlukan biaya dan waktu yang efisien. Gedung BPKAD ini memiliki fungsi bangunan sebagai gedung perkantoran. Perhitungan perencanaan jadwal pelaksanaan pekerjaan struktur ditinjau dari segi waktu dan biaya pekerjaan dengan sumber referensi berupa buku dan pengalaman kontraktor. Untuk perhitungan rencana anggaran biaya pelaksanaan dianalisa terlebih dahulu sesuai dengan standart harga yang ada di Kota Surabaya. Dalam menentukan biaya maka dilakukan analisa antara literatur yang digunakan maupun peraturan yang berlaku untuk mendapatkan kesesuaian dengan kondisi pelaksanaan lapangan. Sedangkan pada perhitungan waktu pelaksanaan dilakukan analisa mulai dari kapasitas produksi, produktivitas, durasi dan penyusunan jadwal setiap pekerjaan dimana hal ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat bantu Microsoft Project. ================================================================================================== BPKAD Building (Finance and Regional Asset Management Agency) East Java Province is a 5-story office building with a building area of ± 1,450 m2, located on Jl. Johar No.19-21, Surabaya. On the construction requires cost and time efficient. BPKAD building has a building function as an office building. Calculation of schedule planning of the implementation of structural work in terms of time and cost of work with reference resources in the form of books and contractor experience. For the calculation of the budget plan implementation costs are analyzed in advance in accordance with the standard price in the city of Surabaya. In determining the cost, an analysis is conducted between the literature used and the applicable regulations to obtain conformity with the conditions of field implementation. While in the calculation of the time of the analysis carried out starting from the production capacity, productivity, duration and preparation of each work schedule where this is done by using Microsoft Project tool

Non-invasive brain and spinal stimulation for pain and related symptoms in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review

Background: Neuropathic and nociceptive pain frequently affect patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), with a prevalence close to 90% and significant impact on general health and quality of life. Pharmacological strategies are widely used to treat pain in MS, but their effectiveness and side-effects are controversial. Among non-pharmacological treatments for pain, non-invasive brain and spinal stimulation (NIBSS) has shown promising preliminary results in MS.Objective: Systematic review to investigate the effect of NIBSS for the management of pain in MS.Methods: A literature search using Pubmed, Science Direct and Web of Science was conducted from databases inception to February 21, 2020 for studies assessing the analgesic effect of NIBSS on pain in MS.Results: A total of 279 records were title- and abstract-screened, nine were assessed for full text and included. The NIBSS techniques explored were transcranial direct current stimulation (N = 5), transcranial magnetic stimulation (N = 2), transcranial random noise stimulation (N =1), transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (N = 1). The targets were the primary motor cortex (M1; N = 4), the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC; N = 3), the spinal cord (N = 1), unspecified brain target (N = 1). The study designs were randomized (N = 7), open label (N = 1), single case report (N = 1). Despite the differences in study design, target and NIBSS technique that impeded a meta-analysis, all the studies converge in showing a significant improvement of pain after active NIBSS with less consistent effects on other symptoms of the pain-related cluster (depression, fatigue, cognition) and quality of life.Conclusions: Excitatory NIBSS over M1, left DLPFC and spinal cord appear to be the most effective protocols for pain in MS. Open questions include the use of neurophysiological or neuroimaging surrogate outcome measures, the stratification of patients according to the clinical profiles and underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and the combination of NIBSS to pharmacological treatment, neurorehabilitation, or psychotherapy to improve the clinical effect. The duration of the effect to NIBSS and the feasibility and efficacy of telemedicine NIBSS protocols are other open key questions

Electrical stimulation of injected muscles to boost botulinum toxin effect on spasticity: rationale, systematic review and state of the art

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) represents a first-line treatment for spasticity, a common disabling consequence of many neurological diseases. Electrical stimulation of motor nerve endings has been reported to boost the effect of BoNT-A. To date, a wide range of stimulation protocols has been proposed in the literature. We conducted a systematic review of current literature on the protocols of electrical stimulation to boost the effect of BoNT-A injection in patients with spasticity. A systematic search using the MeSH terms "electric stimulation", "muscle spasticity" and "botulinum toxins" and strings "electric stimulation [mh] OR electrical stimulation AND muscle spasticity [mh] OR spasticity AND botulinum toxins [mh] OR botulinum toxin type A" was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, PEDro and Cochrane library electronic databases. Full-text articles written in English and published from database inception to March 2021 were included. Data on patient characteristics, electrical stimulation protocols and outcome measures were collected. This systematic review provides a complete overview of current literature on the role of electrical stimulation to boost the effect of BoNT-A injection for spasticity, together with a critical discussion on its rationale based on the neurobiology of BoNT-A uptake

Noninvasive peripheral vagal nerve stimulation prevents migraine aura: A case report

We describe a patient affected by migraine with visual and somatosensory aura, whose symptoms were consistently attenuated by noninvasive peripheral vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS) in multiple prospectively recorded attacks. When compared with the current standard of care, nVNS significantly reduced the duration of visual aura in all the attacks ( n = 5) and prevented the somatosensory aura in three of the five attacks. The overall duration of nVNS-treated auras was 19.0 ± 4.2 min, significantly shorter than the duration of aura in attacks treated with standard of care (103.8 ± 10.3 min). This single-case study requires confirmation in a larger sample size, but we believe that this first report is suggestive of likely efficacy given the relatively high number of treated attacks and the consistent effect of nVNS

Characterization of the peripheral FAAH inhibitor, URB937, in animal models of acute and chronic migraine.

Inhibiting the activity of fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that deactivates the endocannabinoid anandamide, enhances anandamide-mediated signaling and holds promise as a molecular target for the treatment of human pathologies such as anxiety and pain. We have previously shown that the peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, URB937, prevents nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia - an animal model of migraine - and attenuates the activation of brain areas that are relevant for migraine pain, e.g. trigeminal nucleus caudalis and locus coeruleus. The current study is aimed at profiling the behavioral and biochemical effects of URB937 in animal models of acute and chronic migraine. We evaluated the effects of URB937 in two rat models that capture aspects of acute and chronic migraine, and are based on single or repeated administration of the vasodilating drug, nitroglycerin (NTG). In addition to nocifensive behavior, in trigeminal ganglia and medulla, we measured mRNA levels of neuropeptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with tissue levels of anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type-a (PPAR-a), which is also a FAAH substrate. In the acute migraine model, we also investigated the effect of subtype-selective antagonist for cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (AM251 and AM630, respectively) on nocifensive behavior and on levels of neuropeptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the acute migraine paradigm, URB937 significantly reduced hyperalgesia in the orofacial formalin test when administered either before or after NTG. This effect was accompanied by an increase in anandamide and PEA levels in target neural tissue, depended upon CB1 receptor activation, and was associated with a decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA. Similar effects were observed in the chronic migraine paradigm, where URB937 counteracted NTG-induced trigeminal hyperalgesia and prevented the increase in neuropeptide and cytokine transcription. The results show that peripheral FAAH inhibition by URB937 effectively reduces both acute and chronic NTG-induced trigeminal hyperalgesia, likely via augmented anandamide-mediated CB1 receptor activation. These effects are associated with inhibition of neuropeptidergic and inflammatory pathways