Partial extinction did not diminish spontaneous recovery after 24-hour retention interval

Fear extinction is not permanent but it may suffer from different forms of relapse. One strategy potentially useful to diminish relapse is the partial extinction treatment, according to which, extinction may be potentiated if a gradual and sparse number of CS-US pairings are introduced within the extinction treatment. The present study, using a differential fear conditioning paradigm, tries to evaluate the efficacy of partial extinction to reduce a specific form of relapse, spontaneous recovery, after a 24 h. retention interval. The results showed that partial extinction did not diminish spontaneous recovery when compared with standard extinction. From a theoretical point of view, the pattern of results found was more consistent with the idea that extinction entails the acquisition of new knowledge than with the idea that there are conditions in which extinction entails the erasure of the original acquisitionUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Valorar Cumplimiento de la Normativa 011 uso de Corticoides Antenatales y complicaciones del recién nacido pretérmino, Hospital Asunción, Juigalpa, Chontales, I Semestre 2015

Pretérmino o Recién Nacido Prematuro, se define como el niño nacido antes de completar las 37 semanas de Gestación. Cerca de 15 millones de bebés nacen cada año antes de tiempo en el mundo, según el reciente informe 'Nacido demasiado pronto', presentado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS 2012). La OMS clasifica los nacimientos prematuros en dos grupos: los que son provocados o inducidos- antes de la semana 37 (por razones médicas) y los que se producen de forma espontánea antes de tiempo. Por tal razón el estudio desea valorar la utilización de corticoides Antenatales y su relación ante las complicaciones del recién nacidos pretérmino, en la Sala de Neonatología del Hospital Escuela Regional Asunción de Juigalpa, Chontales, Primer-Semestre del año 2015

Apertura económica, distribución del ingreso y evolución regional de la pobreza en México

Este trabajo analiza y cuantifica la incidencia de la pobreza en las regiones de México en los años que van de 1990 a 2004, utilizando la metodología de las líneas de pobreza oficiales dadas a conocer por el gobierno federal, en combinación con las funciones de distribución del ingreso estimadas a partir de las funciones de densidad tipo Gauss-Kernel. Los resultados muestran una tendencia hacia el incremento en los niveles de pobreza en la década de los noventa, para posteriormente disminuir de forma sustancial. Sin embargo, la pobreza y la desigualdad son aún fenómenos característicos de las regiones de México, en particular de aquellas que se han mantenido al margen del proceso de desarrollo que ha caracterizado a la economía mexicana en un contexto de globalización y apertura

Incidencia espacio temporal de la epidemia de tifo de 1737. Zinacantepec, Valle de Toluca

El objetivo del presente texto es analizar la incidencia espacial y temporal de la epidemia novohispana más grave del siglo XVIII, la epidemia de tifo de 1737, medida por el número de defunciones provocadas, según las localidades, al interior del territorio parroquial de Zinacantepec. La gravedad de la epidemia ha dejado una huella espiritual que perdura hasta hoy: la festividad más grande del pueblo de Zinacantepec no es la fiesta del santo patrono titular, San Miguel, en septiembre, sino la fiesta de la Virgen del Rayo a quien los parroquianos del siglo XVIII se encomendaron para ver el fin del azote que les hizo enterrar a cerca de la tercera parte del total de la población. Ocupados con los entierros desde mayo hasta septiembre, no pudieron preparar la fiesta de San Miguel; ya en octubre–noviembre no tuvieron que ir diario al panteón y pareció que la virgen solicitaba su fiesta especial, que celebraron agradecidos el 3 de diciembre. Esta huella de una epidemia en la tradición religiosa de un pueblo nos habla de su importancia y nos lleva a tomarla como ejemplo para construir la ruta de propagación en la parroquia

Estimates of the likelihood of threats are related to intolerance of uncertainty and learning

In the present experiment, we assessed the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and expectancy ratings of threats both in the presence of conditioned stimuli (CS) that signalled the delivery of an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), and after making an avoidance response. Participants learned the relationship between several pictures serving as CSs and an aversive sound serving as the US, and learned to avoid the US through a procedure including alternating pavlovian and negative reinforcement training phases. Expectancy ratings were measured on every training trial. Our results only showed a significant association between intolerance of uncertainty and expectancy ratings made after avoidance responses. This association was found only when the avoidance response was made in the presence of CSs signalling that the aversive sound was avoidable. The increase in intolerance of uncertainty was related to lower expectancy ratings in good learners, and to higher expectancy ratings in bad learners. These results are tentatively explained by invoking a view of intolerance of uncertainty as an exaggerated reaction to uncertainty aimed at learning to avoid threats.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Ministerio de Ciencia y Competitividad. Proyecto Nacional I+D+i. PSI2014-56061

Induced Riemannian structures on null hypersurfaces

Given a null hypersurface $L$ of a Lorentzian manifold, we construct a Riemannian metric $\widetilde{g}$ on it from a fixed transverse vector field $\zeta$. We study the relationship between the ambient Lorentzian manifold, the Riemannian manifold $(L,\widetilde{g})$ and the vector field $\zeta$. As an application, we prove some new results on null hypersurfaces, as well as known ones, using Riemannian techniques.Comment: 26 page

Anderson Localization in Disordered Vibrating Rods

We study, both experimentally and numerically, the Anderson localization phenomenon in torsional waves of a disordered elastic rod, which consists of a cylinder with randomly spaced notches. We find that the normal-mode wave amplitudes are exponentially localized as occurs in disordered solids. The localization length is measured using these wave amplitudes and it is shown to decrease as a function of frequency. The normal-mode spectrum is also measured as well as computed, so its level statistics can be analyzed. Fitting the nearest-neighbor spacing distribution a level repulsion parameter is defined that also varies with frequency. The localization length can then be expressed as a function of the repulsion parameter. There exists a range in which the localization length is a linear function of the repulsion parameter, which is consistent with Random Matrix Theory. However, at low values of the repulsion parameter the linear dependence does not hold.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Studying habit acquisition with an avoidance learning task

Afiliaciones: Universidad de Málaga and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Spain Universidad de Málaga, Spain University of Leuven, BelgiumThe study of habit acquisition and expression is considered relevant to improve our understanding of mental disorders characterised by the presence of compulsive or incontrollable behaviours. Most studies on habit learning, both in animals and in humans, are based on positive reinforcement paradigms. However, the compulsions and habits involved in some mental disorders may be better understood as avoidance behaviours, which involve some peculiarities such as anxiety states that have been shown to promote habitual responses. Consequently, we studied habit acquisition by using a free-operant discriminated avoidance procedure. Participants learned to avoid an aversive noise presented either to the right or to the left ear by pressing two different keys. After a devaluation phase where participants could reduce the volume of the noise presented to one of the ears, participants went through a test phase identical to the avoidance learning phase except for the fact that the noise was never administered. Habit acquisition was inferred by comparing the rate of responses to the stimulus signalling the devalued reinforcer and to the stimulus signalling the non-devalued reinforcer. Habitual responses would entail the absence of differences between the referred conditions. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of the results obtained.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech