73 research outputs found

    Beta2-agonists use during pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations

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    Selon les lignes directrices de traitement de l'asthme pendant la grossesse, les beta2-agonistes inhalĂ©s Ă  courte durĂ©e d’action (SABA) sont les mĂ©dicaments de choix pour tous les types d’asthme [intermittent, persistant, lĂ©ger, modĂ©rĂ© et sĂ©vĂšre] comme mĂ©dicaments de secours rapide et dans la gestion des exacerbations aiguĂ«s. D’autre part, les beta2-agonistes inhalĂ©s Ă  longue durĂ©e d’action (LABA) sont utilisĂ©s pour les patients atteints d'asthme persistant, modĂ©rĂ© Ă  sĂ©vĂšre, qui ne sont pas entiĂšrement contrĂŽlĂ©s par des corticostĂ©roĂŻdes inhalĂ©s seuls. MalgrĂ© que plusieurs Ă©tudes aient examinĂ©es l’association entre les LABA, les SABA et les malformations congĂ©nitales chez les nouveau-nĂ©s, les risques rĂ©els restent controversĂ©s en raison de rĂ©sultats contradictoires et des difficultĂ©s inhĂ©rentes Ă  la rĂ©alisation d'Ă©tudes Ă©pidĂ©miologiques chez les femmes enceintes. L'objectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait d'Ă©valuer l'association entre l'exposition maternelle aux SABA et LABA pendant le premier trimestre de grossesse et le risque de malformations congĂ©nitales chez les nouveau-nĂ©s de femmes asthmatiques. Une cohorte de grossesses de femmes asthmatiques ayant accouchĂ©es entre le 1er janvier 1990 et le 31 dĂ©cembre 2002 a Ă©tĂ© formĂ©e en croisant trois banques de donnĂ©es administratives de la province de QuĂ©bec (Canada). Les issues principales de cette Ă©tude Ă©taient les malformations congĂ©nitales majeures de touts types. Comme issues secondaires, nous avons considĂ©rĂ© des malformations congĂ©nitales spĂ©cifiques. L'exposition principale Ă©tait la prise de SABA et/ou de LABA au cours du premier trimestre de grossesse. L'exposition secondaire Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă©tait le nombre moyen de doses de SABA par semaine au cours du premier trimestre. L'association entre les malformations congĂ©nitales et la prise de SABA et de LABA a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e en utilisant des modĂšles d’équations gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es (GEE) en ajustant pour plusieurs variables confondantes reliĂ©es Ă  la grossesse, l’asthme de la mĂšre et la santĂ© de la mĂšre et du foetus. Dans la cohorte formĂ©e de 13 117 grossesses de femmes asthmatiques, nous avons identifiĂ© 1 242 enfants avec une malformation congĂ©nitale (9,5%), dont 762 avaient une malformation majeure (5,8%). Cinquante-cinq pour cent des femmes ont utilisĂ© des SABA et 1,3% ont utilisĂ© des LABA pendant le premier trimestre. Les rapports de cotes ajustĂ©es (IC Ă  95%) pour une malformation congĂ©nitale associĂ©e Ă  l'utilisation des SABA et des LABA Ă©taient de 1,0 (0,9-1,2) et 1,3 (0,9-2,1), respectivement. Les rĂ©sultats correspondants Ă©taient de 0,9 (0,8-1,1) et 1,3 (0,8-2,4) pour les malformations majeures. Concernant le nombre moyen de doses de SABA par semaine, les rapports de cotes ajustĂ©es (IC Ă  95%) pour une malformation congĂ©nitale Ă©tait de 1.1 (1.0-1.3), 1.1 (0.9-1.3), et 0.9 (0.7-1.1) pour les doses >0-3, >3-10, and >10 respectivement. Les rĂ©sultats correspondants Ă©taient de 1.0 (0.8-1.2), 0.8 (0.7-1.1), et 0.7 (0.5-1.0) pour les malformations majeures. D'autre part, des rapports de cotes (IC Ă  95%) statistiquement significatifs ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s pour les malformations cardiaques (2.4 (1.1-5.1)), les malformations d'organes gĂ©nitaux (6.8 (2.6-18.1)), et d'autres malformations congĂ©nitales (3.4 (1.4 Ă  8.5)), en association avec les LABA pris pendant le premier trimestre. Notre Ă©tude procure des donnĂ©es rassurantes pour l’utilisation des SABA pendant la grossesse, ce qui est en accord avec les lignes directrices de traitement de l’asthme. Toutefois, d'autres Ă©tudes sont nĂ©cessaires avant de pouvoir se prononcer sur l’innocuitĂ© des LABA pendant la grossesse.According to asthma management guidelines during pregnancy, short-acting ÎČ2-agonists (SABA) are the drug of choice in all types of asthma [intermittent or persistent, mild, moderate and severe] as a quick reliever medication and in the management of acute exacerbations or emergency hospitalizations. On the other hand, long-acting ÎČ2-agonists (LABA) are used for patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma not fully controlled with inhaled corticosteroids alone. While many studies examined their associations with congenital malformations in newborns, the actual risks remain controversial due to the discordance between different risk reports and the difficulties in performing epidemiological studies on pregnant women. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between maternal exposure to SABA and LABA during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations in the newborns among asthmatic women. Through the linkage of three administrative databases from QuĂ©bec, a cohort of pregnancies from asthmatic women insured by the RAMQ drug insurance plan was formed between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2002. The primary outcomes were major and any congenital malformations and the secondary outcomes were specific malformations. The primary exposure was the separate exposure to SABA and LABA during the first trimester, while the secondary exposure was the average number of doses of SABA per week taken during the first trimester. The association between congenital malformations and SABA and LABA exposure was assessed using generalized estimating equation models while adjusting for sociodemographic, asthma, maternal and fetal variables. We identified 1242 infants with a congenital malformation (9.5%), 762 of which had a major malformation (5.8%) within the cohort formed of 13117 pregnancies. Fifty-five percent of the women used SABA during the first trimester, and 1.3% used LABA. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for any malformation associated with the use of SABA and LABA were 1.0 (0.9-1.2) and 1.3 (0.9-2.1), respectively. The corresponding figures were 0.9 (0.8-1.1) and 1.3 (0.8-2.4) for major malformations. Regarding the average number of doses of SABA per week, the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for any malformation were 1.1 (1.0-1.3), 1.1 (0.9-1.3), and 0.9 (0.7-1.1) for doses >0-3, >3-10, and >10 respectively. The corresponding figures were 1.0 (0.8-1.2), 0.8 (0.7-1.1), and 0.7 (0.5-1.0) for major malformations. On the other hand, significant increased risks, odds ratio (95% CI), of cardiac malformations 2.4 (1.1-5.1), genital organ malformations 6.8 (2.6-18.1), and other congenital malformations 3.4 (1.4-8.5) were observed with LABA use in the 1st trimester. Our study adds evidence, in concordance with asthma management guidelines, to the safety of SABA during pregnancy. However, more research is needed before we can decide on the safety of LABA during pregnancy

    Comparative safety of asthma treatment regimens during pregnancy and related methodological aspects

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    L’asthme est l’une des maladies chroniques les plus frĂ©quentes durant la grossesse, affectant environ 4% Ă  12% des femmes enceintes et ayant une prĂ©valence qui a augmentĂ© au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Plusieurs Ă©tudes ont identifiĂ© l'asthme comme un facteur de risque pour plusieurs enjeux de santĂ© dĂ©favorables chez le fƓtus et la mĂšre. Les lignes directrices de traitement recommandent l’utilisation de mĂ©dicaments antiasthmatiques pendant la grossesse afin de contrĂŽler l’asthme et d’éviter les problĂšmes de santĂ© maternels et fƓtaux. L’évaluation de la littĂ©rature sur l'utilisation maternelle de mĂ©dicaments antiasthmatiques et le risque de malformations congĂ©nitales majeures a relevĂ© plusieurs Ă©tudes sur l’innocuitĂ© des bĂȘta2-agonistes inhalĂ©s Ă  courte durĂ©e d’action (BACA) et des corticostĂ©roĂŻdes inhalĂ©s (CSI) pendant la grossesse, mais peu de donnĂ©es sur les bĂȘta2-agonistes Ă  longue durĂ©e d’action (BALA) ainsi que sur les thĂ©rapies combinĂ©es (BALA-CSI). Un programme de recherche en trois volets a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour combler ces lacunes. Dans le premier volet, nous avons entrepris une revue systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature sur l'impact de l'utilisation de BACA et de BALA pendant la grossesse sur le risque de diffĂ©rents problĂšmes pĂ©rinataux. Vingt et une Ă©tudes originales ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es. Quatre Ă©tudes ont rapportĂ© une augmentation significative du risque de malformations congĂ©nitales avec BACA, une Ă©tude a rapportĂ© une augmentation significative du risque de malformations congĂ©nitales avec BALA et quatre Ă©tudes ont rapportĂ© un risque significatif accru de malformations congĂ©nitales avec bĂȘta2-agonistes (BACA et/ou BALA). Toutefois, aucun risque majeur n’a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ© pour les autres complications pĂ©rinatales. Fait important, la plupart des Ă©tudes rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©es ont subi plusieurs limitations mĂ©thodologiques, y compris l'utilisation des femmes non-asthmatiques comme groupe de rĂ©fĂ©rence et la faible puissance statistique. De plus, les rĂ©sultats qui en dĂ©coulent doivent ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ©s avec prudence. Dans le deuxiĂšme volet, nous avons utilisĂ© la base de donnĂ©es QuĂ©bec Asthma and Pregnancy Database qui comprend toutes les grossesses de femmes asthmatiques et un Ă©chantillon alĂ©atoire de femmes non-asthmatiques ayant accouchĂ©es entre 1990 et 2010 pour effectuer deux Ă©tudes. La premiĂšre Ă©tait une Ă©tude comparant la prĂ©valence des malformations congĂ©nitales majeures entre les femmes enceintes asthmatiques traitĂ©es avec une combinaison de BALA-CSI et celles traitĂ©es avec une dose plus Ă©levĂ©e de CSI en monothĂ©rapie. Dans une sous-cohorte, il y’avait 643 femmes qui utilisaient un BALA plus CSI Ă  dose faible et 305 qui ont utilisĂ© une dose moyenne de CSI ; l'autre sous-cohorte comprenait 198 utilisatrices de BALA plus CSI Ă  dose moyenne et 156 utilisatrices de CSI Ă  dose Ă©levĂ©e. La prĂ©valence de malformations majeures a Ă©tĂ© 6,9% et 7,2%, respectivement. Le risque de malformations congĂ©nitales majeures Ă©tait similaire entre ces deux groupes de femmes avec un odds ratio ajustĂ© (OR) de 1,1 (IC 95%: 0,6-1,9) pour les femmes souffrant d’asthme modĂ©rĂ© et un OR ajustĂ© de 1,2 (IC 95%: 0,5-2,7) pour les femmes souffrant d’asthme sĂ©vĂšre. La seconde Ă©tait une Ă©tude mĂ©thodologique visant Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact de six diffĂ©rentes dĂ©finitions opĂ©rationnelles de malformations congĂ©nitales qui varient selon la source des donnĂ©es et la mĂ©thode de classification sur l’estimation de la prĂ©valence des malformations et de l'association entre l'asthme maternel et les malformations majeures. Sur 467,946 grossesses, 12,3% Ă©taient de femmes enceintes souffrant d’asthme actif. Nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© que la source des donnĂ©es et la mĂ©thode de classification ont eu un impact considĂ©rable sur la prĂ©valence des malformations congĂ©nitales majeures (augmentation entre 10,0% et 50,4%), alors qu’elles ont eu peu d’influence sur l’association entre l’asthme maternel et les malformations congĂ©nitales. Dans le troisiĂšme volet du programme de recherche, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une procĂ©dure systĂ©matique pour la classification des mĂ©dicaments utilisĂ©s au cours du premier trimestre de grossesse en agents tĂ©ratogĂšnes et potentiellement tĂ©ratogĂšnes dans un contexte de recherche. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une procĂ©dure systĂ©matique qui s’actualise facilement, avec des composantes objectives dans la plupart de ses processus. Nous avons Ă©tabli une liste comprenant 91 mĂ©dicaments tĂ©ratogĂšnes, et une autre liste comprenant 81 mĂ©dicaments potentiellement tĂ©ratogĂšnes. Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©sentĂ©s dans cette thĂšse ont fourni des donnĂ©es importantes sur l’innocuitĂ© des traitements de l'asthme pendant la grossesse, aidant les cliniciens et les femmes enceintes Ă  choisir un traitement pharmacologique sĂ©curitaire pour maintenir l’asthme sous contrĂŽle. De plus, les donnĂ©es prĂ©sentĂ©es dans cette thĂšse sur la minimisation du biais d'indication, les dĂ©finitions opĂ©rationnelles de malformations congĂ©nitales et l’identification des mĂ©dicaments tĂ©ratogĂšnes pourront aisĂ©ment ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es par les chercheurs en pharmacoĂ©pidĂ©miologie, en tĂ©ratologie et en Ă©pidĂ©miologie pĂ©rinatale.Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases during pregnancy, affecting about 4% to 12% of pregnant women and shows an increasing prevalence over time. In the past decades, several studies have identified asthma as a risk factor for several poor fetal and maternal outcomes. A consensus exists on favoring the use of asthma medications during pregnancy to maintain asthma under control to prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. An assessment of the published literature on maternal asthma medications and the risk of major congenital malformations revealed more data on the safety of short-acting beta2-agonists (SABA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) during pregnancy compared to long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA), as well as a paucity of data on the fetal safety of combination therapies (e.g. LABA-ICS). A three-part research program was developed to fill this knowledge gap and answer other intriguing questions we faced, adding necessary evidence in this field. In the first part, we summarized the published evidence on the impact of maternal use of SABA and LABA during pregnancy and different perinatal outcomes in a comprehensive systematic review. Twenty-one original studies were identified. Four studies reported a significant increased risk of congenital malformations with SABA, one study reported a significant increased risk of congenital malformations with LABA and four studies reported a significant increased risk of congenital malformations with beta2-agonists (SABA and/or LABA). However, no major increased risk was found for the other perinatal outcomes. Importantly, most of the retrieved studies suffered several methodologic limitations, including using non-asthmatic women as the reference group and low statistical power. Moreover, the non-significant results reported should be interpreted with caution. In the second part, we used the Quebec Asthma and Pregnancy Database – which includes all pregnancies in asthmatic women and a random sample in nonasthmatic women between 1990 and 2010 – to conduct two studies. The first was a comparative safety study examining the prevalence of major congenital malformations in pregnant asthmatic women treated with a combination of LABA-ICS compared to those treated with a higher dose of ICS monotherapy. In one subcohort there were 643 women who used a LABA plus low-dose ICS and 305 women who used a medium-dose ICS; the other subcohort included 198 users of a LABA plus a medium dose ICS and 156 users of a high-dose ICS. The prevalence of major malformations was 6.9% and 7.2%, respectively. The risk of major malformations did not differ when a combination therapy was used among both moderate and severe asthmatic women (aOR: 1.1; 95% CI: 0.6–1.9 and aOR: 1.2; 95% CI: 0.5–2.7 respectively). The second was a methodological study aiming to compare the prevalence of major malformations using six different case ascertainment definitions that vary by the source of data and the classification method, as well as to evaluate the impact of these definitions on the association between maternal asthma and major malformations. From the 467,946 pregnancies, 12.3% were with active asthma. We demonstrated that the source of data and the classification method had a considerable impact on the prevalence of major malformations (increases between 10.0% and 50.4%), but only a small influence on the measure of association. In the third part of the research program, we aimed at constructing a systematic procedure for the classification of proven and potential teratogenic medications during the first trimester of pregnancy to be used for research. We structured a procedure that is both systematic and updatable, with objective components in most of its processes. We identified a substantial list of teratogenic medications, including 91 medications, and an extensive list of potentially teratogenic medications, including 81 medications. The results presented in the current thesis provided essential evidence on the safety of asthma treatments during pregnancy, helping clinicians and mothers to choose the optimal therapeutic regimen to keep asthma under control. The added knowledge on indication bias minimization, congenital malformations ascertainment and teratogenic medications are directly transferable to researchers in pharmacoepidemiology, teratology and other related research fields

    Prescription trends of antiseizure medications before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

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    IntroductionGiven the lack of evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted antiseizure medication (ASM) use, we examined the trends of ASMs before and during COVID-19.MethodsWe conducted a population-based study using provincial-level health databases from Manitoba, Canada, between 1 June 2016 and 1 March 2021. We used interrupted time series autoregressive models to examine changes in the prevalence and incidence of ASM prescription rates associated with COVID-19 public health restrictions.ResultsAmong prevalent users, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in new-generation ASMs with a percentage change of 0.09% (p = 0.03) and a significant decrease in incidence use of all ASMs with a percentage change of −4.35% (p = 0.04). Significant trend changes were observed in the prevalent use of new-generation ASMs (p = 0.04) and incidence use of all (p = 0.04) and new-generation ASMs (p = 0.02). Gabapentin and clonazepam prescriptions contributed 37% of prevalent and 54% of incident use.ConclusionWith the introduction of public health measures during COVID-19, small but significant changes in the incident and prevalent use of ASM prescriptions were observed. Further studies are needed to examine whether barriers to medication access were associated with potential deterioration in seizure control among patients.Conference presentationThe results from this study have been presented as an oral presentation at the 38th ICPE, International Society of Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) annual conference in Copenhagen

    Systematic Identification of Combinatorial Drivers and Targets in Cancer Cell Lines

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    There is an urgent need to elicit and validate highly efficacious targets for combinatorial intervention from large scale ongoing molecular characterization efforts of tumors. We established an in silico bioinformatic platform in concert with a high throughput screening platform evaluating 37 novel targeted agents in 669 extensively characterized cancer cell lines reflecting the genomic and tissue-type diversity of human cancers, to systematically identify combinatorial biomarkers of response and co-actionable targets in cancer. Genomic biomarkers discovered in a 141 cell line training set were validated in an independent 359 cell line test set. We identified co-occurring and mutually exclusive genomic events that represent potential drivers and combinatorial targets in cancer. We demonstrate multiple cooperating genomic events that predict sensitivity to drug intervention independent of tumor lineage. The coupling of scalable in silico and biologic high throughput cancer cell line platforms for the identification of co-events in cancer delivers rational combinatorial targets for synthetic lethal approaches with a high potential to pre-empt the emergence of resistance

    Image analysis in medical imaging: recent advances in selected examples

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    Medical imaging has developed into one of the most important fields within scientific imaging due to the rapid and continuing progress in computerised medical image visualisation and advances in analysis methods and computer-aided diagnosis. Several research applications are selected to illustrate the advances in image analysis algorithms and visualisation. Recent results, including previously unpublished data, are presented to illustrate the challenges and ongoing developments

    Bronchial Asthma in Pregnancy

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