Effect of Drilling Fluid Components and Mixtures on Plants and Soils

The concern about the environment has required that the effects of drilling fluids (muds) on surrounding areas be known. This study was initiated to investigate the effects of various muds on plant growth and on soils. In preliminary studies in Phase I (31 individual mud components), it was concluded that the obvious dominant effects on plant growth of detrimental drilling fluid components included excess soluble salts, excess exchangeable sodium percentage, possibly a high pH in some mixtures, and undesirable physical conditions. The latter resulted from the sodium and/or starch, gums, and bentonite. Phase II, the second year\u27s study of the effect of drilling fluid on six soils and on the plant growth (which is this report) was designed to use seven typical drilling fluids at ratios of 1:4 (called the low rate), and 1:1 (called the high rate) by volume of liquid mud to disturbed and settled soils using green beans and sweet corn as the test plants. The seven mud mixtures were potassium chloride mud (PCM), diesel oil emulsion mud (DOEM), high pH lime mud (HPLM), lignite lignosulfonate sodium mud (LLSM), lignite lignosulfonate potassium mud (LLPM), dichromate mud (DTM), and a mud base (MB). Each mud contained bentonite and barite plus sodium or potassium hydroxide plus a few other substances. Too much soluble salts or too high an exchangeable sodium percentage was the major cause of reduced plant growth. The dispersing problem of mud-treated soils caused by high exchangeable sodium percentages results from the high sodium hydroxide contents added to the muds. Early attempts at leaching the soils with tap water were unsuccessful because of low permeability. Releaching all samples finally with salty water, first with 1 percent Ca(NO3)2, and later with 0.2 percent Ca(NO3)2, and finally with tap water was effective and plant growth improved in all mud mixtures. In unleached treatments the muds PCM, DOEM, and DTM were most limiting to plants growth. Reclamation of soils into which drilling fluids (muds) are mixed seems to require primarily (1) the removal of excess salts, and (2) a lowering of the content of exchangeable sodium with some additions of chemical amendments (calcium salts) and adequate leaching

Mule ESB

Ce document a pour but de faire un tour d’horizon des fonctionnalités de Mule ESB. Il est structuré comme ceci : 1. Une petite introduction sur la notion d’ESB. 2. Une étude de marché et une analyse des besoins. 3. Une présentation du bus choisi. 4. Une explication sur la méthode de modélisation des prototypes. 5. Une présentation des prototypes réalisés ainsi que leur analyse. 6. Une explication de la mise en production. 7. Une évaluation des prototypes. 8. Une conclusion technique. 9. Une évaluation personnelle. 10. Un glossaire. Au travers de ces différents chapitres, Mule ESB 3.6.1 est testé afin d’en déterminer les points forts/faibles et les possibilités de migration pour les processus déjà en place au sein de la RTS

Microcalorimetric studies of chemostat cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes

The heat output of steady-state cells of Klebsiella aerogenes growing in Carbon limited and Carbon-sufficient media was measured with an LKB flow-microcalorimeter. Problems associated with oxygen shortage were eliminated by using low substrate concentrations, higher aeration rates,and high pump rates through the microcalorimeter. The recorded heat output was extrapolated to the heat production by cells in the chemostat, and this was converted to specific heat output, DeltaH p/kJ (g cell)-1. i.e. the heat output of formation of 1 g cell during one generation time. This enabled direct comparison of the heat production for different dilution rates and growth under different conditions. In C-limited cultures both DeltaHp and molar growth yield increased with increasing dilution rate and attained constant values at D > 0.5 h -1 . In C-limited media DeltaHp was the same irrespective of substrate concentration and carbon source. Although the specific heat output was much greater in C-sufficient than in C-limited chemostats, it was independent of the concentration of limiting nutrient and glucose, provided glucose was supplied in excess. The increased heat output produced by adding small amounts of different substrates to glucose-limited chemostats depended on the added C-source; four types of substrate were recognised. The additional heat output increased linearly with the amount of added acetate, but not with glucose and pyruvate. Small amounts of uncouplers disturbed the steady-state heat output and the increased heat output was related to the stimulation of the ATPase system. The enhanced heat output when the pH was increased to 8, was associated with proton translocating ATPase activity. The maintenance energy obtained from the variation of the growth yield and specific heat output with dilution rate for glucose- and glycerol-limited chemostats, was partly growth rate-dependent, mg, and partly growth rate-independent, m's These values were related to the maintenance coefficients reported in the literature.<p

Prostate biopsies guided by three-dimensional real-time (4-D) transrectal ultrasonography on a phantom: comparative study versus two-dimensional transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the accuracy in localisation and distribution of real-time three-dimensional (4-D) ultrasound-guided biopsies on a prostate phantom. METHODS: A prostate phantom was created. A three-dimensional real-time ultrasound system with a 5.9MHz probe was used, making it possible to see several reconstructed orthogonal viewing planes in real time. Fourteen operators performed biopsies first under 2-D then 4-D transurethral ultrasound (TRUS) guidance (336 biopsies). The biopsy path was modelled using segmentation in a 3-D ultrasonographic volume. Special software was used to visualise the biopsy paths in a reference prostate and assess the sampled area. A comparative study was performed to examine the accuracy of the entry points and target of the needle. Distribution was assessed by measuring the volume sampled and a redundancy ratio of the sampled prostate. RESULTS: A significant increase in accuracy in hitting the target zone was identified using 4-D ultrasonography as compared to 2-D. There was no increase in the sampled volume or improvement in the biopsy distribution with 4-D ultrasonography as compared to 2-D. CONCLUSION: The 4-D TRUS guidance appears to show, on a synthetic model, an improvement in location accuracy and in the ability to reproduce a protocol. The biopsy distribution does not seem improved

Desperdício de alimentos em feiras livres: levantamento de perdas de frutas e hortaliças em distintas cidades do Brasil.

The street market is one of the traditional forms of free trade of retail foods that over the years may have been replacing the purchase of items such as fruits and vegetables in supermarkets. These fairs represent a socioeconomic organization and can also be said to be an element of cultural identification, catering to the food needs of the consumer and the local community. Free trade fairs generate income for many people, but also generate food waste, considered as solid waste in municipal free trade fairs, so that this solid waste is disposed of inappropriately causing environmental impacts, causing great damage to the environment as a proliferation of pests and diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. This work had as objective to discuss the causes that lead to the waste and, consequently, to the generation of solid residues, and also to point out alternatives so that this waste can be minimized. For this, a bibliographic review was carried out from academic and scientific publications comprising cities in four different states. During the research it was found that the causes of food waste in the fairs were practically the same from environmental factors to poor road and highway conditions, however, there are ways to minimize this waste, with good handling practices, adequate transportation , better disposal on the stands and sorting during harvesting.A feira livre é uma das formas de livre comércio tradicional de alimentos a varejo que ao longo dos anos vem substituindo a compra de itens como frutas e hortaliças que vinham sendo comercializados majoritariamente em supermercados. Essas feiras interioranas representam uma organização socioeconômica e pode-se afirmar também que são um elemento de identificação cultural, atendendo às necessidades alimentares do consumidor e da comunidade local. As feiras livres geram renda para muitos, mas também geram desperdício de alimentos. Considerados como resíduos sólidos nas feiras livres dos municípios, são descartados inadequadamente, causando impactos ambientais, e acarretando em grandes danos ao meio ambiente, como proliferação de pragas e doenças causadas por microrganismos patogênicos. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva sobre quantificações do desperdício de alimentos em feiras livres de diferentes cidades brasileiras e suas causas, além de apontar alternativas para que esse desperdício possa ser minimizado. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a partir de publicações acadêmicas e científicas compreendendo cidades em quatro estados diferentes. Durante a pesquisa foi constatado que as causas do desperdício de alimentos nas feiras praticamente foram as mesmas, desde fatores ambientais até as más condições das estradas e rodovias, contudo, existem meios para que esse desperdício seja ao menos minimizado, com boas práticas de manuseio, transporte adequado, melhor disposição nas bancadas e triagem durante a colheita

“A VIDA NÃO É UMA CARREIRA”: confluências pedagógicas para uma prática educativa ecológica

Este artigo refere-se de forma reflexiva às possibilidades pedagógicas contracoloniais, portanto insurgentes, que em sua gênese epistêmica estabelece força contrária ao que se mostra hegemônico. Contando com recursos da lei de fomento cultural nº 14.017/2020, criada como forma de combate aos efeitos da pandemia da Covid-19, produzimos o documentário Brincando na Roda dos Saberes, enaltecendo perspectivas ecoeducativas sobre a aprendizagem e o ensino da Capoeira em ambientes educacionais. O filme é também reflexo da pesquisa de doutorado realizada entre os anos de 2014 a 2018, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, que se deu fundamentalmente por vivências e processos de aprendizagens em escolas situadas na capital paraibana. Dos resultados obtidos, destaca-se a tese de que o ato de educar pela prática da capoeira sob uma perspectiva ecológica repercute positivamente e diretamente na corporeidade

“A VIDA NÃO É UMA CARREIRA”: confluências pedagógicas para uma prática educativa ecológica

Este artigo refere-se de forma reflexiva às possibilidades pedagógicas contracoloniais, portanto insurgentes, que em sua gênese epistêmica estabelece força contrária ao que se mostra hegemônico. Contando com recursos da lei de fomento cultural nº 14.017/2020, criada como forma de combate aos efeitos da pandemia da Covid-19, produzimos o documentário Brincando na Roda dos Saberes, enaltecendo perspectivas ecoeducativas sobre a aprendizagem e o ensino da Capoeira em ambientes educacionais. O filme é também reflexo da pesquisa de doutorado realizada entre os anos de 2014 a 2018, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, que se deu fundamentalmente por vivências e processos de aprendizagens em escolas situadas na capital paraibana. Dos resultados obtidos, destaca-se a tese de que o ato de educar pela prática da capoeira sob uma perspectiva ecológica repercute positivamente e diretamente na corporeidade

Fluorescence time-resolved imaging system embedded in an ultrasound prostate probe

Ultrasound imaging (US) of the prostate has a low specificity to distinguish tumors from the surrounding tissues. This limitation leads to systematic biopsies. Fluorescent diffuse optical imaging may represent an innovative approach to guide biopsies to tumors marked with high specificity contrast agents and therefore enable an early detection of prostate cancer. This article describes a time-resolved optical system embedded in a transrectal US probe, as well as the fluorescence reconstruction method and its performance. Optical measurements were performed using a pulsed laser, optical fibers and a time-resolved detection system. A novel fast reconstruction method was derived and used to locate a 45 µL ICG fluorescent inclusion at a concentration of 10 µM, in a liquid prostate phantom. Very high location accuracy (0.15 cm) was achieved after reconstruction, for different positions of the inclusion, in the three directions of space. The repeatability, tested with ten sequential measurements, was of the same order of magnitude. Influence of the input parameters (optical properties and lifetime) is presented. These results confirm the feasibility of using optical imaging for prostate guided biopsies