The quality of the environment: socio-économique and methodologic al analysis

In study of the problem of environmental quality, a common methodological mistake is reduction of the problem to everyday idea of quality as consumer characteristics of product. As a result, the ecological-economic interpretation of the problem is represented mostly by the development of the mechanisms of normative determination of materially significant features of ecological complex expressed in certain monetary equivalent

The philosophical and methodological foundations of comprehensive assessment and management of the environmental quality

The environmental quality is a multilateral performance standard socio-natural relations whose functional significance lies in the ability to reflect the optimal processes of environmental safety. The philosophical and methodological interpretation of the problem has a character of giving solutions to the dialectical contradiction between the state of a natural element in the biosphere and the form that enables it to satisfy the needs of society. This approach can develop the methodological basis for a comprehensive assessment of the state of natural components, effective when the environment acts as a limited source of economic resources, and the problem of social and natural optimization cannot be reduced to optimizing the quality of natural objects only by improving their economic performanceyesBelgorod State National Research Universit

Import substitution policy: concepts, methods of analysis and main areas for improvement

The article analyzes the existing methodology of import substitution, investigates the mechanisms and objectives of its implementation, suggests possible directions of improvement of this economic strateg

FloodXMR: Low-cost transaction flooding attack with Monero’s bulletproof protocol

Monero is one of the first and most popular cryptocurrencies to address privacy issues of other crypto coins such as Bitcoin. Monero has a market capitalization of over one billion US dollars, and is ranked the 12th most valuable cryptocurrency on CoinMarketCap (17 April 2019). This digital coin provides different mechanisms to protect its users, such as decoy keys or mixins to obfuscate transaction inputs. However, in spite of the efforts to protect Monero’s users privacy, transaction tracing attacks are still feasible. Our contribution is twofold. First, we propose and evaluate a new traceability attack, called transaction flooding attack (FloodXMR). Second, we present an analysis of thecosts required for an attacker to conduct FloodXMR. We show how an attacker can take advantage of Monero’s Bulletproof protocol, which reduces transaction fees, to flood the network with his own transactions and, consequently, remove mixins from transaction inputs. Assuming an attack timeframe of 12 months, our findings show that an attacker can trace up to 47.63% of the transaction inputs at a cost of just 1,746.53 USD. Moreover, we show also that more than 90% of the inputs are affected by our tracing algorithm

Impact of sheep grazing on juvenile sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., in tidal salt marshes

The diet of young of the year sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., from sheep grazed and ungrazed tidal salt marshes were com-pared qualitatively and quantitatively in Mont Saint-Michel Bay. In areas without grazing pressure, the vegetation gradient changes from a pioneer Puccinellia maritima dominated community at the tidal ¯at boundaries through a Atriplex portulacoides dominated community in the middle of the marsh to a mature Elymus pungens dominated community at the landward edge. The A. portula-coides community is highly productive and provides important quantities of litter which provides a habitat and good supply to substain high densities of the detrivorous amphipod Orchestia gammarellus. In the grazed areas, the vegetation is replaced by P. maritima communities, a low productive grass plant, and food availability and habitat suitability are reduced for O. gammarellus. Juvenile sea bass colonise the salt marsh at ¯ood during 43% of the spring tides which inundate the salt marsh creeks. They forage inside the marsh and feed mainly on O. gammarellus in the ungrazed marshes. In grazed areas, this amphipod is replaced by other species and juvenile sea bass consume less food from the marsh. This illustrates a direct effect of a terrestrial herbivore on a coastal food web, and suggests that management of salt marsh is complex and promotion of one component of their biota could involve reductions in other species

Adaptation as a potential response to sea-level rise: a genetic basis for salinity tolerance in populations of a coastal marsh fish

Relative sea-level rise is resulting in the intrusion of saline waters into marshes historically dominated by fresh water. Saltwater intrusions can potentially affect resident marsh species, especially when storm-related tidal surges cause rapid changes in salinity. We examined the role of historical salinity exposure on the survival of Gambusia affinis from two locations in coastal Louisiana. At each location, we sampled fish populations from fresh, intermediate and brackish marshes. Individuals were then exposed to a salinity of 25‰ and survival time was measured. We found that fish from brackish and intermediate marshes had an increased tolerance to salinity stress relative to fish from freshwater environments. We then tested the descendents of fish from the fresh and brackish marshes, reared for two generation in fresh water, to determine if there was a genetic basis for differential survival. We found that descendents of individuals from brackish marshes showed elevated survivals relative to the descendents of fish with no historical exposure to salinity. The most reasonable mechanism to account for the differences in survival relative to historical exposure is genetic adaptation, suggesting that natural selection may play a role in the responses of resident marsh fishes to future increases in salinity

Urnas Eletrônicas no Brasil: linha do tempo, evolução e falhas e desafios de segurança

Mesmo após anos de implantação e evolução do voto eletrônico, as urnas eletrônicas continuam sendo alvo crescente de críticas, tanto por parte de especialistas em segurança da informação quanto pela sociedade. Os principais desa os no uso desse tipo de urnas são garantir a transparência, a auditabilidade e a contabilidade do sistema de votação, ao mesmo tempo em que garante-se também a integridade, a confidencialidade e a privacidade dos votos. No sistema brasileiro, entretanto, os principais pontos criticados são exatamente apouca transparência e a restrita auditabilidade das urnas, que nos poucos casos em que foram concedidos à sociedade civil fora de períodos eleitorais, levaram a descobertas de falhas de segurança. Não é surpresa,portanto, que isso, somado à atual impossibilidade de se auditar os resultados eleitorais, coloque em cheque acontabilidade no sistema. Neste survey, nós apresentamos e analisamos a evolução dos sistemas de votação eletrônica com o objetivo de criar uma linha do tempo e discutir falhas de seguranças e desa os em aberto.Também identificamos e discutimos questões importantes a serem respondidas para que um sistema baseado em urnas eletrônicas possa, de fato, ser um dos principais mecanismos de eleição de representantes em uma democracia112112sem informaçãoEven after years of implementation and evolution of electronic voting, electronic ballot boxes continue to be a growing target for criticism, both by information security experts and by society. The main challenges in using this type of ballot box are to ensure the transparency, audibility, and reliability of the voting system, while also ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and privacy of votes. In the Brazilian system, the main points criticized are exactly the lack of transparency and the limited auditability of the ballot boxes, which in the few cases in which they were granted to civil society outside electoral periods led to the discovery of security breaches. It is not surprising, therefore, that this, coupled with the current inability to audit the election results, puts in check the reliability in the system. In this survey, we present and analyze the evolution of electronic voting systems with the objective of creating a timeline and discussing security flaws and open challenges. We have also identified and discussed important questions to be answered so that an electronic ballot-based system may be one of the main mechanisms for electing representatives in a democracysem informaçã

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ КАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ МАКУЛАТУРЫ ОТ УСЛОВИЙ ЕЕ ХРАНЕНИЯ

The paper investigates an influence of component quantity (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) on qualitative (physical and mechanical) indices of waste-paper in relation to its storage period and weather conditions. It has been established that while storing (in waste dumps) waste paper it is to be kept at a definite temperature and humidity in order to reduce impact of weather conditions.Исследовано влияние количества компонентов (лигнина, целлюлозы и гемицеллюлоз) на качественные (физико-механические) показатели макулатуры в зависимости от времени ее нахождения на складе и погодных условий. Установлено, что в условиях складирования макулатуру следует содержать при определенных температуре и влажности для снижения влияния погодных условий