Recursos fiscales y guerra en Europa : Flandes, 1615-1622

Mediante el estudio de un informe financiero conservado en Simancas, el autor expone la situación hacendística de los Países Bajos meridionales entre 1615 y 1622. La calidad de la fuente le permite efectuar un análisis detallado sobre la composición y magnitudes de ingresos y gastos durante el período. Muestra la relavancia de los impuestos directos (aides) en la contribución total de las Provincias. Mantiene, sin embargo, la evidencia del sostenimiento masivo de Flandes por las finanzas hispánicas ya que, incluso en época de paz relativa, los gastos bélicos alcanzaban más del 75% del total.Though the study of a financial inquiry conserved in the Spanish Archive of Simuncas, the author describes the situation of finances in the Southern Low Countries between 1615 and 1622. The quality of the source permits him to trace a detailed analysis about the composition and mugnitude of incomes and expenses during that period. Echevarría Bacigalupe shows the importance of direct taxes for the Low Countries' global taxation but he also muintains the evidence of the massive support of Flanders by the Hispanic Treasure because, even on years of relative peace, the warlike costs reached more than 75 % of the whole budget

Reformismo fiscal y resistencia institucional en torno a 1635

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Aunando esfuerzos para la evaluación de la calidad en interpretación simultánea: el Modelo NTR

Quality in simultaneous interpretation (SI) has always been an elusive concept, and the literature has usually argued that it is not easy to establish a valid instrument for the assessment of any interpretation assignment. The provision of accessibility services for the deaf and hard-of-hearing in live audiovisual subtitling, however, has routinely demanded quality assessment procedures of both the intralingual and interlingual live subtitles shown on the screen. In speech-to-text interpreting (STTI), which includes both intra- and interlingual respeaking (i.e. live subtitling without and with translation respectively), the NTR Model was proposed for the assessment of interlingual respeaking (Romero-Fresco & Pöchhacker, 2017). The purpose of this contribution is (i) to argue why the NTR Model might be conceptually valid for the assessment of SI, (ii) to present the results of a small-scale analysis of an SI task evaluated with four instruments aimed at scrutinizing the benefits of this Model and its applicability to SI, and (iii) to advocate for the use of objective assessment systems for student and professional performance in SI.El concepto de calidad en interpretación simultánea (IS) ha sido siempre difuso y la literatura se ha dedicado a reflexionar sobre por qué no es posible establecer un instrumento válido para medir la calidad de cualquier encargo de interpretación. Por su parte, los servicios de accesibilidad para personas sordas en el campo del subtitulado audiovisual han demandado métodos de medición de la calidad de los subtítulos en directo que se proyectan en pantalla. En Interpretación de Voz a Texto, actividad que comprende tanto el rehablado intra- como el interlingüístico (es decir, subtitulado en directo sin y con traducción) se ha propuesto el Modelo NTR (Romero-Fresco y Pöchhacker, 2017) para la evaluación del rehablado interlingüístico. El objetivo de este artículo es: a) argumentar por qué el NTR podría ser conceptualmente válido para su aplicación a la IS; b) presentar los resultados de un pequeño análisis de una tarea de IS que fue evaluada con 4 instrumentos distintos, en un intento por desvelar los beneficios del modelo NTR y su aplicabilidad a la IS; y c) defender la necesidad del uso de métodos objetivos en la valoración del rendimiento de estudiantes y profesionales

Aunando esfuerzos para la evaluación de la calidad en interpretación simultánea: el Modelo NTR

Quality in simultaneous interpretation (SI) has always been an elusive concept, and the literature has usually argued that it is not easy to establish a valid instrument for the assessment of any interpretation assignment. The provision of accessibility services for the deaf and hard-of-hearing in live audiovisual subtitling, however, has routinely demanded quality assessment procedures of both the intralingual and interlingual live subtitles shown on the screen. In speech-to-text interpreting (STTI), which includes both intra- and interlingual respeaking (i.e. live subtitling without and with translation respectively), the NTR Model was proposed for the assessment of interlingual respeaking (Romero-Fresco & Pöchhacker, 2017). The purpose of this contribution is (i) to argue why the NTR Model might be conceptually valid for the assessment of SI, (ii) to present the results of a small-scale analysis of an SI task evaluated with four instruments aimed at scrutinizing the benefits of this Model and its applicability to SI, and (iii) to advocate for the use of objective assessment systems for student and professional performance in SI.El concepto de calidad en interpretación simultánea (IS) ha sido siempre difuso y la literatura se ha dedicado a reflexionar sobre por qué no es posible establecer un instrumento válido para medir la calidad de cualquier encargo de interpretación. Por su parte, los servicios de accesibilidad para personas sordas en el campo del subtitulado audiovisual han demandado métodos de medición de la calidad de los subtítulos en directo que se proyectan en pantalla. En Interpretación de Voz a Texto, actividad que comprende tanto el rehablado intracomo el interlingüístico (es decir, subtitulado en directo sin y con traducción) se ha propuesto el Modelo NTR (Romero-Fresco y Pöchhacker, 2017) para la evaluación del rehablado interlingüístico. El objetivo de este artículo es: a) argumentar por qué el NTR podría ser conceptualmente válido para su aplicación a la IS; b) presentar los resultados de un pequeño análisis de una tarea de IS que fue evaluada con 4 instrumentos distintos, en un intento por desvelar los beneficios del modelo NTR y su aplicabilidad a la IS; y c) defender la necesidad del uso de métodos objetivos en la valoración del rendimiento de estudiantes y profesionale

The role of social support in adolescents: are you helping me or stressing me out?

Interpersonal relationships are indispensable in helping adolescents cope with stressors, acting as social support sources that protect them from psychological distress. Learning from their experiences may elucidate what strategies could be employed to support adolescents during this vulnerable life stage. Focus groups (N = 80) with adolescents in the Basque Country, Spain, were conducted to capture adolescents\u27 narratives on stress and social support. Findings revealed the dual role of interpersonal relationships – as stressors and as sources of social support. Adolescents draw on sources of support that are familiar, mature, friendly, and, most importantly, worth of trust. Their most valued type of support is emotional, although there should be a match between the needs and the help offered. Implications for intervention programmes are discussed

Interlingual live subtitling: the crossroads between translation, interpreting and accessibility

Whereas prototypical conceptions of translation and interpreting as two separate and distinct entities are still being upheld in different contexts, the professional reality shows a less clear-cut picture. Given the relentless advancement of technological innovation and the important role played by (media) accessibility in society, translation, interpreting and accessibility are in a state of flux, with increasingly blurring boundaries between them. Interpreting is not only concerned with spoken and signed modalities, but also with written target texts, which links it to audio–visual translation. In turn, audio–visual translation is no longer only about dubbing and subtitling films from one language to another. It now covers the provision of intra- and interlingual translation for live programmes and live events for users who have no access to the original version (be it for linguistic, sensory-related or other reasons). Speech-to-text interpreting (STTI), also referred to as live subtitling, is a communication-enabling service that allows the production of written access to live events or programmes for people with and without hearing loss. It thus brings together translation, interpreting and accessibility. The aim of this paper is to introduce STTI for readers who may not be familiar with it and to delve into interlingual live subtitling (ILS), and more specifically to explore the research carried out to date about this new technique, its professional development and the way in which it is being trained.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-117738RB-I0

An empirical analysis on the efficiency of five interlingual live subtitling workflows

Interlingual Live Subtitling (ILS) is an innovative translation and accessibility method where a written text in one language is produced live from an oral source in another language. ILS can be provided through different methods, some of which involve the participation of one or more humans, whereas others are fully automatic. Speech-to-text interpreting (STTI) is a form of human-mediated ILS that is situated at the crossroads of audiovisual translation, media accessibility and simultaneous interpreting, as well as between human-mediated translation and automatic language processing systems. One of the most promising forms of STTI is interlingual respeaking. It builds upon intralingual respeaking (the most common form of speech-to-text captioning, which does not include language transfer) and involves the participation of a human interpreter plus speech recognition software. Although interlingual respeaking is in great demand, there are other approaches to STTI -with different degrees of human intervention- which are currently being used by broadcasters and conference organizers. The purpose of this research is to test the efficiency of five of those methods, namely, (1) interlingual respeaking, (2) simultaneous interpreting plus intralingual respeaking, (3) simultaneous interpreting plus automatic speech recognition, (4) intralingual respeaking plus machine translation and (5) automatic speech recognition plus machine translation. The results provide a useful insight into the current efficiency of five different ILS methods and strengthen the idea that efficiency is not restricted to accuracy, but includes factors such as delay and the type of resources (either human or machine) required. It is hoped that this research may help provide the industry with tools to make informed choices between different forms of ILS (at least for the language combination English-Spanish) while offering employment opportunities for simultaneous interpreters and respeakers in the digital era.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-117738RB-I0