Estimation of Evapotranspiration Over Harran Plain Using Sebs Model

Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Yüksek LisansTez (eng) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek LisansIn recent years, human activity and climate change greatly threaten water resources. Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important components in the water cycle. Estimation of evapotranspiration has always been faced with many uncertainties. Estimating evaporation based on physical and experimental equations is very common. These methods are based on meteorological data whose shortcomings limit the use of these relations. For instance, this information is point-specific and related to meteorological stations. Another uncertainty problem is regional estimation by using statistical methods. Over the past few decades, many studies have been carried out on estimating evapotranspiration using remote sensing technology. One of the methods which are widely used for estimating ET is SEBS algorithm. The SEBS was proposed for estimating fluxes of heat or energy and estimating evaporation fraction [24]. This study aims to estimate ET over the Harran Plain that has the largest agricultural irrigation systems in the Southern Anatolian Project. Evapotranspiration is estimated for 2015. Cloud-free days in each season of 2015 are selected. Results compared with data obtained from TARBIL and evapotranspiration extracted from GLDAS products. TARBIL project gives reference evapotranspiration. For calculating the actual ET from the TARBIL data crop coefficient (Kc) was required. The assumption for estimating Kc is based on cotton plants. Kc for this study considered from 0.35 to 1.3. SEBS shows very good compatibility results with TARBIL data with a 10% error but ET extracted from GLDAS was not in the expected range (0 to 2.7 mm/day). GLDAS generates ET in 0.25-degree (27.5×27.5 km) resolution that it is not enough for relatively small areas like Harran plain while SEBS estimates ET in high resolution (1×1 km). For studies of water management, water budget, land surface fluxes in the area with low vegetation cover and also in large scales GLDAS can be used but in case of our target that it is the estimation of ET in agricultural lands especially in a relatively small area SEBS gives us more accurate and more trustworthy ET.Son yıllarda, insan etkinliği ve iklim değişikliği su kaynaklarını büyük ölçüde tehdit etmektedir. Terleme ve buharlaşma su döngüsünde en önemli bileşenlerdendir. Evapotranspirasyon (ET) hesaplanması esnasında her zaman belirsizlikler yaşanmıştır. Fiziksel ve deneysel eşitliklere dayalı buharlaşma tahmini oldukça yaygındır. Bu yöntemler meteorolojik verilere dayanmaktadır. Verilerde yer alan eksiklikler bu ilişkinin kurulmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Örneğin, bir meteoroloji istasyonundan alınan bir veri sadece o noktaya özgüdür. Bir diğer belirsizlik yaşanan alan da istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılarak yapılan bölgesel tahminlerdir. Son zamanlarda, uzaktan algılama teknolojisini kullanarak terleme ve buharlaşmanın tahmini konusunda birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. ET tahmini esnasında yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntemlerden biri SEBS algoritmasıdır [24]. SEBS, ısı veya enerji akılarının hesaplanması ve buharlaşma tahmini için önerilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Güney Doğu Anadolu Projesinde (GAP) en büyük tarımsal sulama sistemine sahip olan Harran Ovası'ndaki ET değerinin SEBS ile hesaplanması amaçlanmaktadır. 2015 yılı için tüm mevsimlerdeki bulutsuz günler seçilerek ET hesaplanmıştır. TARBIL ve GLDAS ürünlerinden elde edilen ET verileri, hesaplanan evapotranspirasyon ile karşılaştırıldı. TARBIL verisinden aktüel ET hesaplamak için ürün katsayısı (Kc) gerekmektedir. Kc'nin hesaplanması pamuk bitkilerine göre yapılmıştır dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışma için Kc 0.35 ile 1.3 arasında kabul edildi. SEBS, TARBIL verileriyle oldukça iyi (%10 hatayla) uyumluluk sonuçları göstermektedir, ancak GLDAS'tan üretilen daha uyumsuzdur. GLDAS, 0.25 derece çözünürlükte ET üretmektedir ve bu çözünürlük Harran ovası gibi görece küçük alanları yeteri kadar iyi çözememektedir. SEBS ise ET'yi daha yüksek çözünürlükte tahmin etmektedir. Su yönetimi çalışmalarında, su bütçesi hesaplamalarında, bitki örtüsünün düşük olduğu bölgelerde, ve aynı zamanda büyük alanlardaki toprak yüzeyinde akışların takibi gibi konularda GLDAS kullanılabilmektedir, ancak bu çalışmadakine benzer görece küçük alanlarda bulunan tarım arazilerinin ET tahmininde SEBS bize daha güvenilir ve doğru sonuç vermektedir.M.Sc.Yüksek Lisan

Synthesis, structure, crystallization and confinement of isodimorphic PBS-ran-PCL copolyesters

363 p.In this thesis, the preparation of PBS-ran-PCL biodegradable and biocompatible copolyesters by ring opening-melt polycondensation polymerization with three different molecular weight is presented. The copolymers have been characterized by proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman, FT-IR, GIWAXS and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The PBS-ran-PCL copolyesters were able to crystallize in the entire composition range and displayed a pseudo-eutectic region. Most copolymers away from the pseudo-eutectic region exhibited a single crystalline phase (PBS-rich or PCL-rich crystalline phase), while within the pseudo-eutectic region the copolymers were double crystalline. Obtained results demonstrated that the copolymers are isodimorphic. Isothermal crystallization kinetics showed that both nucleation density and spherulitic growth rate of the copolyesters are determined by the component that constitutes the majority phase and was a strong function of composition and supercooling. For the infiltrated random copolyesters, results revealed that the nucleation process changed from heterogeneous in bulk to surface or homogeneous nucleation in the nanopores.Polyma

Understanding Kulayni`s mentality in Al-Kafi Structure Engineering

The precious work of Al-Kafi book has been studied and explored from various viewpoints, but the gap for lack of conducting study about structure of this work may be well perceived and analysis of various viewpoints of this arrangement is a task for which the necessity is felt to take it as a model in today world. In this valuable work, author has designated a specific system, but he has not mentioned it in its introduction. Hence, we try to analyze the engineering system taken by Kulayni (author) in structure of book of Al-Kafi. In order to achieve this objective, the arrangement of volumes of this book and related chapters and existing narratives in them along with the method used in their codification and regulation of chapters of this work has been investigated. The present research results in general system of this clerical encyclopedia i.e. relationship between this religious encyclopedia and order existing among the relevant chapters and Islamic traditions (Hadith) in them- based on the goal considered for writing of this group of volumes. Namely, author has selected ideologies, ethics and Islamic injunctions and tried to posit a comprehensive book based on what he has referred to it in prologue of this book. Kulayni has also considered specific technique in terminology of chapters by which he has actually indexed the related bibliography

Transitioning business school accounting from binary divide to unified national system: a historical case study

Purpose: This paper aims to provide a historical case study of strategic changes in accounting at an Australian university’s business school department during 1972-1992 when it was repositioning itself in the early stages of major changes in the Australian and international tertiary accounting education environment. The study is conducted within the context of the university history within which the department operated as well as major government policy and global education shifts shaping university structures and focus. Design/methodology/approach: This study offers a historical analysis of early stage changes in university focus at the business school’s accounting department, developed through departmental and university reports and oral history interviews. A narrative analytical methodology is adopted to portray a history of an academic accounting department in transition. Findings: This case study illuminates the impacts of and responses to the beginning of marketisation and globalisation of higher education, and the commercialisation of universities and explains the strategic implementation processes in one university’s business school departmental during a period of significant formative change in the Australian accounting education landscape. Originality/value: This study deepens our understanding of environmental, structural, educational and research changes at the operational departmental level of academic institutions, paying particular attention to the organisational culture and human capital dimensions

A novel phytase characterized by thermostability and high pH tolerance from rice phyllosphere isolated Bacillus subtilis B.S.46

AbstractIn this study, an extracellular alkali-thermostable phytase producing bacteria, Bacillus subtilis B.S.46, were isolated and molecularly identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. Response surface methodology was applied to study the interaction effects of assay conditions to obtain optimum value for maximizing phytase activity. The optimization resulted in 137% (4.627U/mL) increase in phytase activity under optimum condition (56.5°C, pH 7.30 and 2.05mM sodium phytate). The enzyme also showed 60–73% of maximum activity at wide ranges of temperature (47–68°C), pH (6.3–8.0) and phytate concentration (1.40–2.50mM). The partially purified phytase demonstrated high stability over a wide range of pH (6.0–10.0) after 24h, retaining 85% of its initial activity at pH 6 and even interestingly, the phytase activity enhanced at pH 8.0–10.0. It also exhibited thermostability, retaining about 60% of its original activity after 2h at 60°C. Cations such as Ca2+ and Li+ enhanced the phytase activity by 10–46% at 1mM concentration. The phytase activity was completely inhibited by Cu2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Hg2+ and Mn2+ and the inhibition was in a dose dependent manner. B. subtilis B.S.46 phytase had interesting characteristics to be considered as animal feed additive, dephytinization of food ingredients, and bioremediation of phosphorous pollution in the environment

Stochastic Richelieu River Flood Modeling

RÉSUMÉ La modélisation hydrodynamique est un élément fondamental du génie hydraulique. Elle permet de créer des modèles de bassins versants et de rivières pour la prédiction des inondations. La simulation des phénomènes d'inondation est un sujet de plus en plus important dans le domaine de la recherche en hydraulique. Compte tenu des exigences d'évaluation spécifiques dans les plans d'ingénierie des risques d’inondation, la modélisation des inondations devient très importante dans le génie hydraulique. La délimitation probabiliste des zones inondables joue un rôle déterminant dans les plans d'ingénierie des risques. Cette tâche importante est réalisable à l'aide de la simulation post-inondation et de la détermination des limites de l'étendue des inondations avec leurs probabilités d'occurrence correspondantes dans les zones étudiées.----------ABSTRACT Hydrodynamic modeling including watershed, river and flood modeling is a fundamental part of hydraulic engineering. In this regard, simulation of flood phenomena is an increasingly important subject in hydraulic research domain. Considering specific evaluation requirements in flood risk engineering plans, flood modeling is becoming highly important based on hydrological method (rainfall-runoff) or hydraulic parameters in Hydraulic engineering

The interplay between home and host logics of accountability in multinational corporations (MNCs): the case of the Fundão dam disaster

Purpose: The major purpose of this paper is to answer the overarching questions of how multinational corporations (MNCs) address the multiple institutional logics of accountability and pressures of the field in which they operate and how the dominant logic changes and shifts in response to such pressures pre- and post-disaster situation. Design/methodology/approach: In-depth interpretive textual analyses of multiple longitudinal data sets are conducted to study the case of the Fundão dam disaster. The data sources include historical documents, academic articles and public institutional press releases from 2000 to 2016, covering the environment leading to the case study incident and its aftermath. Findings: The findings reveal how MNCs' plurality of and, at times, conflicting institutional logics shape the organizational behaviors, actions and nonactions of actors pre-, peri- and post-disaster. More specifically, the predominance bureaucracy embedded in the state-corporatist logic of the host country before a disaster allows the strategic subunit of an MNC to continue operating while causing various forms of environmental damage until a globally visible disaster triggers a reversal in the dominant logic toward the embrace of wider, global, emergent social and environmental accountability. Originality/value: This paper contributes to discussions regarding the need to explore in depth of how MNCs respond to multiple institutional pressures in practice. This study extends the literature concerning disaster accountability, state-corporatism and logic-shifting by exploring how MNCs respond to the plurality of institutional logics and pressures over time and showing how, in some cases, logics not only reinforce but also contrast with each other and how a globally exposed disaster may trigger a shift in the dominant logic governing MNCs' responses

Users\u27 information requirements and narrative reporting : the case of Iranian companies

This paper investigates whether the narrative section of Iranian companies\u27 annual reports satisfies the information requirements of financial analysts employed by institutional investors. Taking a group of stakeholders (i.e. financial analysts) as the sample, a questionnaire survey was conducted to identify their top three information needs from the narrative sections of company annual reports in each of three information categories: Present, Analytical and Prospective. Following this survey, a checklist was prepared to analyse whether Iranian companies are disclosing this information required by financial analysts. Overall, the results partially support stakeholder theory as there is a general lack of information flow on the part of Iranian listed companies in meeting their stakeholders\u27 information needs. <br /