Neutron scattering study of PbMg1/3_{1/3}Ta2/3_{2/3}O3_3 and BaMg1/3_{1/3}Ta2/3_{2/3}O3_3 complex perovskites

Neutron scattering investigations were carried out in PbMg$_{1/3}$Ta$_{2/3}$O$_3$ and BaMg$_{1/3}$Ta$_{2/3}$O$_3$ complex perovskites. The crystal structure of both compounds does not show any phase transition in the temperature range 1.5 -- 730 K. Whereas the temperature dependence of the lattice parameter of BaMg$_{1/3}$Ta$_{2/3}$O$_3$ follows the classical expectations, the lattice parameter of relaxor ferroelectric PbMg$_{1/3}$Ta$_{2/3}$O$_3$ exhibits anomalies. One of these anomalies is observed in the same temperature range as the peak in the dielectric susceptibility. We find that in PbMg$_{1/3}$Ta$_{2/3}$O$_3$, lead ions are displaced from the ideal positions in the perovskite structure at all temperatures. Consequently short-range order is present. This induces strong diffuse scattering with an anisotropic shape in wavevector space. The temperature dependences of the diffuse neutron scattering intensity and of the amplitude of the lead displacements are similar

First principles electronic structure of spinel LiCr2O4: A possible half-metal?

We have employed first-principles electronic structure calculations to examine the hypothetical (but plausible) oxide spinel, LiCr2O4 with the d^{2.5} electronic configuration. The cell (cubic) and internal (oxygen position) structural parameters have been obtained for this compound through structural relaxation in the first-principles framework. Within the one-electron band picture, we find that LiCr2O4 is magnetic, and a candidate half-metal. The electronic structure is substantially different from the closely related and well known rutile half-metal CrO2. In particular, we find a smaller conduction band width in the spinel compound, perhaps as a result of the distinct topology of the spinel crystal structure, and the reduced oxidation state. The magnetism and half-metallicity of LiCr2O4 has been mapped in the parameter space of its cubic crystal structure. Comparisons with superconducting LiTi2O4 (d^{0.5}), heavy-fermion LiV2O4 (d^{1.5}) and charge-ordering LiMn2O4 (d^{3.5}) suggest the effectiveness of a nearly-rigid band picture involving simple shifts of the position of E_F in these very different materials. Comparisons are also made with the electronic structure of ZnV2O4 (d^{2}), a correlated insulator that undergoes a structural and antiferromagnetic phase transition.Comment: 9 pages, 7 Figures, version as published in PR

Resonant X-ray Scattering in Manganites - Study of Orbital Degree of Freedom -

Orbital degree of freedom of electrons and its interplay with spin, charge and lattice degrees of freedom are one of the central issues in colossal magnetoresistive manganites. The orbital degree of freedom has until recently remained hidden, since it does not couple directly to most of experimental probes. Development of synchrotron light sources has changed the situation; by the resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) technique the orbital ordering has successfully been observed . In this article, we review progress in the recent studies of RXS in manganites. We start with a detailed review of the RXS experiments applied to the orbital ordered manganites and other correlated electron systems. We derive the scattering cross section of RXS where the tensor character of the atomic scattering factor (ASF) with respect to the x-ray polarization is stressed. Microscopic mechanisms of the anisotropic tensor character of ASF is introduced and numerical results of ASF and the scattering intensity are presented. The azimuthal angle scan is a unique experimental method to identify RXS from the orbital degree of freedom. A theory of the azimuthal angle and polarization dependence of the RXS intensity is presented. The theoretical results show good agreement with the experiments in manganites. Apart from the microscopic description of ASF, a theoretical framework of RXS to relate directly to the 3d orbital is presented. The scattering cross section is represented by the correlation function of the pseudo-spin operator for the orbital degree of freedom. A theory is extended to the resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and methods to observe excitations of the orbital degree of freedom are proposed.Comment: 47 pages, 24 figures, submitted to Rep. Prog. Phy

Stress tolerance mechanisms in Juncus: responses to salinity and drought in three Juncus species adapted to different natural environments

[EN] Comparative studies on the responses to salinity and drought were carried out in three Juncus species, two halophytes (Juncus maritimus Lam. and Juncus acutus L.) and one more salt-sensitive (Juncus articulatus L.). Salt tolerance in Juncus depends on the inhibition of transport of toxic ions to the aerial part. In the three taxa studied Na+ and Cl accumulated to the same extent in the roots of salt treated plants; however, ion contents were lower in the shoots and correlated with the relative salt sensitivity of the species, with the lowest levels measured in the halophytes. Activation of K+ transport at high salt concentration could also contribute to salt tolerance in the halophytes. Maintenance of cellular osmotic balance is mostly based on the accumulation of sucrose in the three species. Yet, neither the relative salt-induced increase in sugar content nor the absolute concentrations reached can explain the observed differences in salt tolerance. In contrast, proline increased significantly in the presence of salt only in the salt-tolerant J. maritimus and J. acutus, but not in J. articulatus. Similar patterns of osmolyte accumulation were observed in response to water stress, supporting a functional role of proline in stress tolerance mechanisms in JuncusThis work was partly funded by a grant to O.V. from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project CGL2008-00438/BOS), with contribution by the European Regional Development Fund. Mohamad Al Hassan was a recipient of an Erasmus Mundus pre-doctoral scholarship financed by the European Commission (Welcome Consortium)Al Hassan, M.; López Gresa, MP.; Boscaiu Neagu, MT.; Vicente Meana, Ó. (2016). Stress tolerance mechanisms in Juncus: responses to salinity and drought in three Juncus species adapted to different natural environments. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY. 43:949-960. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP16007S94996043Al Hassan, M., Chaura, J., López-Gresa, M. P., Borsai, O., Daniso, E., Donat-Torres, M. P., … Boscaiu, M. (2016). Native-Invasive Plants vs. Halophytes in Mediterranean Salt Marshes: Stress Tolerance Mechanisms in Two Related Species. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00473Albert, R., & Popp, M. (1977). Chemical composition of halophytes from the Neusiedler Lake region in Austria. Oecologia, 27(2), 157-170. doi:10.1007/bf00345820Ashraf, M., & Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2), 206-216. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006Bartels, D., & Sunkar, R. (2005). Drought and Salt Tolerance in Plants. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 24(1), 23-58. doi:10.1080/07352680590910410Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P., & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39(1), 205-207. doi:10.1007/bf00018060Boscaiu, M., Ballesteros, G., Naranjo, M. A., Vicente, O., & Boira, H. (2011). Responses to salt stress in Juncus acutus and J. maritimus during seed germination and vegetative plant growth. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 145(4), 770-777. doi:10.1080/11263504.2011.628446Boscaiu, M., Lull, C., Llinares, J., Vicente, O., & Boira, H. (2012). Proline as a biochemical marker in relation to the ecology of two halophytic Juncus species. Journal of Plant Ecology, 6(2), 177-186. doi:10.1093/jpe/rts017Bose, J., Rodrigo-Moreno, A., & Shabala, S. (2013). ROS homeostasis in halophytes in the context of salinity stress tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(5), 1241-1257. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert430Boyer, J. S. (1982). Plant Productivity and Environment. Science, 218(4571), 443-448. doi:10.1126/science.218.4571.443Chen, T. H. H., & Murata, N. (2008). Glycinebetaine: an effective protectant against abiotic stress in plants. Trends in Plant Science, 13(9), 499-505. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007Clarke, L. D., & Hannon, N. J. (1970). The Mangrove Swamp and Salt Marsh Communities of the Sydney District: III. Plant Growth in Relation to Salinity and Waterlogging. The Journal of Ecology, 58(2), 351. doi:10.2307/2258276Drabkova, L., Kirschner, J., & Vlcek, C. (2006). Phylogenetic relationships within Luzula DC. and Juncus L. (Juncaceae): A comparison of phylogenetic signals of trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, trnL intron and rbcL plastome sequence data. Cladistics, 22(2), 132-143. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00095.xDuBois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28(3), 350-356. doi:10.1021/ac60111a017Espinar, J. L., Garcia, L. V., & Clemente, L. (2005). Seed storage conditions change the germination pattern of clonal growth plants in Mediterranean salt marshes. American Journal of Botany, 92(7), 1094-1101. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.7.1094Espinar, J. L., García, L. V., Figuerola, J., Green, A. J., & Clemente, L. (2006). Effects of salinity and ingestion by ducks on germination patterns of Juncus subulatus seeds. Journal of Arid Environments, 66(2), 376-383. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.11.001Fita, A., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Boscaiu, M., Prohens, J., & Vicente, O. (2015). Breeding and Domesticating Crops Adapted to Drought and Salinity: A New Paradigm for Increasing Food Production. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00978Flowers, T. J., & Colmer, T. D. (2008). Salinity tolerance in halophytes*. New Phytologist, 179(4), 945-963. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02531.xFlowers, T. J., Hajibagheri, M. A., & Clipson, N. J. W. (1986). Halophytes. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 61(3), 313-337. doi:10.1086/415032Flowers, T. J., Munns, R., & Colmer, T. D. (2014). Sodium chloride toxicity and the cellular basis of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annals of Botany, 115(3), 419-431. doi:10.1093/aob/mcu217Gagneul, D., Aïnouche, A., Duhazé, C., Lugan, R., Larher, F. R., & Bouchereau, A. (2007). A Reassessment of the Function of the So-Called Compatible Solutes in the Halophytic Plumbaginaceae Limonium latifolium. Plant Physiology, 144(3), 1598-1611. doi:10.1104/pp.107.099820GIL, R., LULL, C., BOSCAIU, M., BAUTISTA, I., LIDÓN, A., & VICENTE, O. (2011). Soluble Carbohydrates as Osmolytes in Several Halophytes from a Mediterranean Salt Marsh. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(2), 09. doi:10.15835/nbha3927176Gil, R., Boscaiu, M., Lull, C., Bautista, I., Lidón, A., & Vicente, O. (2013). Are soluble carbohydrates ecologically relevant for salt tolerance in halophytes? Functional Plant Biology, 40(9), 805. doi:10.1071/fp12359Gil, R., Bautista, I., Boscaiu, M., Lidon, A., Wankhade, S., Sanchez, H., … Vicente, O. (2014). Responses of five Mediterranean halophytes to seasonal changes in environmental conditions. AoB PLANTS, 6(0), plu049-plu049. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plu049Glenn, E. (1999). Salt Tolerance and Crop Potential of Halophytes. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 18(2), 227-255. doi:10.1016/s0735-2689(99)00388-3GORHAM, J., HUGHES, L., & WYN JONES, R. G. (2006). Chemical composition of salt-marsh plants from Ynys Môn (Anglesey): the concept of physiotypes. Plant, Cell & Environment, 3(5), 309-318. doi:10.1111/1365-3040.ep11581858Grieve, C. M., & Grattan, S. R. (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant and Soil, 70(2), 303-307. doi:10.1007/bf02374789Gupta, B., & Huang, B. (2014). Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization. International Journal of Genomics, 2014, 1-18. doi:10.1155/2014/701596Hamamoto, S., Horie, T., Hauser, F., Deinlein, U., Schroeder, J. I., & Uozumi, N. (2015). HKT transporters mediate salt stress resistance in plants: from structure and function to the field. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 32, 113-120. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.11.025Hariadi, Y., Marandon, K., Tian, Y., Jacobsen, S.-E., & Shabala, S. (2010). Ionic and osmotic relations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) plants grown at various salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(1), 185-193. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq257Jones, E., Simpson, D., Hodkinson, T., Chase, M., & Parnell, J. (2007). The Juncaceae-Cyperaceae Interface: A Combined Plastid Sequence Analysis. Aliso, 23(1), 55-61. doi:10.5642/aliso.20072301.07Kumari, A., Das, P., Parida, A. K., & Agarwal, P. K. (2015). Proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics perspectives of salinity tolerance in halophytes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00537Munns, R., & Termaat, A. (1986). Whole-Plant Responses to Salinity. Functional Plant Biology, 13(1), 143. doi:10.1071/pp9860143Munns, R., & Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59(1), 651-681. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911Naidoo, G., & Kift, J. (2006). Responses of the saltmarsh rush Juncus kraussii to salinity and waterlogging. Aquatic Botany, 84(3), 217-225. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.10.002Niu, X., Bressan, R. A., Hasegawa, P. M., & Pardo, J. M. (1995). Ion Homeostasis in NaCl Stress Environments. Plant Physiology, 109(3), 735-742. doi:10.1104/pp.109.3.735Ozgur, R., Uzilday, B., Sekmen, A. H., & Turkan, I. (2013). Reactive oxygen species regulation and antioxidant defence in halophytes. Functional Plant Biology, 40(9), 832. doi:10.1071/fp12389Pang, Q., Chen, S., Dai, S., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., & Yan, X. (2010). Comparative Proteomics of Salt Tolerance inArabidopsis thalianaandThellungiella halophila. Journal of Proteome Research, 9(5), 2584-2599. doi:10.1021/pr100034fPartridge, T. R., & Wilson, J. B. (1987). Salt tolerance of salt marsh plants of Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 25(4), 559-566. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1987.10410086RAVEN, J. A. (1985). TANSLEY REVIEW No. 2. REGULATION OF PH AND GENERATION OF OSMOLARITY IN VASCULAR PLANTS: A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO EFFICIENCY OF USE OF ENERGY, NITROGEN AND WATER. New Phytologist, 101(1), 25-77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02816.xRodrı́guez-Navarro, A. (2000). Potassium transport in fungi and plants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes, 1469(1), 1-30. doi:10.1016/s0304-4157(99)00013-1Rozema, J. (1976). An Ecophysiological Study on the Response to Salt of Four Halophytic and Glycophytic Juncus Species. Flora, 165(2), 197-209. doi:10.1016/s0367-2530(17)31845-5Rozema, J. (1991). Growth, water and ion relationships of halophytic monocotyledonae and dicotyledonae; a unified concept. Aquatic Botany, 39(1-2), 17-33. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(91)90019-2Smirnoff, N., & Cumbes, Q. J. (1989). Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. 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Aplicaci?n de la ergonom?a, previniendo lesiones musculo -esquel?ticas, en la construcci?n y su importancia con respecto a la seguridad de los trabajadores de la empresa Odebrecht.

116 p.La investigaci?n aborda el an?lisis desde el punto de vista de la ergonom?a un puesto de trabajo del sector de la construcci?n, proponiendo medidas correctivas para que esos riesgos se logren disminuir. En este sector se realizan trabajos que generan grandes riesgos para la seguridad de los integrantes del proyecto, como los trabajos en espacio confinados, excavaciones, soldadura y oxicorte, trabajos en altura, y otros. Por su la importancia con respectos a la seguridad y a la gravedad de los mismos, los riesgos ergon?micos han sido pasados a un segundo plano despu?s de la seguridad. Con la realizaci?n de esta investigaci?n se pretende demostrar la relevancia de los riesgos ergon?micos en el sector de la construcci?n. Por tal motivo, el estudio de la siniestralidad en el trabajador de esta labor, nos dirige a demostrar la incidencia que genera el abuso f?sico, por desconocimiento de la higiene postural en la salud, lo cual genera da?os irreversibles. Esta condici?n nos dirige a hacer conciencia y cumplir con los objetivos de la ergonom?a: calidad de vida, seguridad, bienestar y eficiencia

Estrategia para la construcci?n de cultura ciudadana en los usuarios educativos de la instituci?n mar?a inmaculada del municipio de flandes tolima, con el fin de conservar el medio ambiente y la higiene en el aula de clase.

144 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoEste trabajo, contiene el dise?o de una estrategia para la construcci?n de cultura ciudadana en los usuarios educativos de la Instituci?n Mar?a Inmaculada del municipio de Flandes Tolima, con el fin de conservar el medio ambiente y la higiene en el aula de clase, desde dos dimensiones fundamentales: la primera, desde una construcci?n de valores c?vicos, mediante la realizaci?n de actividades que fomenten la participaci?n proactiva de todos los involucrados; la segunda, desde lo ambiental y espacial al contribuir en la definici?n de conceptos del espacio o lugar donde se habita, para transformar el entorno y tener como principio fundamental la limpieza y la higiene para hacer agradable, el lugar donde se permanece. Lo anterior, se logra desde una perspectiva de significaci?n del h?bitat, mediante procesos de transformaci?n del lugar y sensibilizaci?n de los usuarios educativos donde se evidencie la importancia de tener un ambiente sano. Desde estas perspectivas, se pretende un cambio de actitud y como resultado lograr un individuo consciente, con una alta calidad de amor, respeto y conservaci?n del entorno.ABSTRACT This work contains the design of a strategy for the construction of civic culture in educational users Instituci?n Mar?a Inmaculada of Flandes Tolima, in order to preserve the environment and health in the classroom, in two dimensions fundamental: first, from a building civic values through activities that encourage proactive participation of all involved, the second, from environmental and space to contribute to the definition of concepts of space and place where one lives, to transform the environment and have as a fundamental principle cleanliness and hygiene to make nice, the place remains. This is achieved significance from the perspective of habitat through transformation processes rather user awareness and education where there is evidence of the importance of a healthy environment. From these perspectives, it seeks a change of attitude and as a result make a conscious individual, with a high quality of love, respect and preserve the environment.ADVERTENCIA La Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci?n de la Universidad del Tolima, el director, codirector y el jurado calificador, no son responsables de los conceptos ni de las ideas expuestas por los autores del presente trabajo. Art?culo 16, Acuerdo 032 de 1976 y Art?culo 29, Acuerdo 064 de 1991, emanados por el Consejo Acad?mico de la Universidad del Tolima.INTRODUCCI?N 7 1. MARCO TE?RICO 16 1.1 NORMAS DE HIGIENE AMBIENTAL ESCOLAR 16 1.1.1 Las condiciones sanitarias 17 1.1.2 Seguridad 17 1.1.3 Promoci?n de actividades 17 1.2 H?BITOS DE ASEO E HIGIENE ESCOLAR 18 1.3 CAUSAS DEL DESASEO Y LA HIGIENE ESCOLAR 18 1.4 CONSECUENCIAS DEL DESASEO Y LA FALTA DE HIGIENE ESCOLAR 19 1.5 EFECTOS DE LA FALTA DE HIGIENE ESCOLAR 19 1.6 CONTEXTO DE LA INVESTIGACI?N 20 1.6.1 Situaci?n Global 20 1.6.2 Situaci?n en Colombia 21 1.7 MARCO GEOGR?FICO 22 1.8 MARCO HIST?RICO 22 1.8.1 Normatividad de la Investigaci?n 23 2. ANTECEDENTES 25 2.1 ANTECEDENTES PERSONALES 25 2.2 ANTECEDENTES TE?RICOS 25 3. PROBLEMA 28 3.1 PREGUNTA PROBLEMA 28 3.2 OTRAS PREGUNTAS A PARTIR DEL PROBLEMA PRINCIPAL. 28 4. OBJETIVOS 30 4.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 30 4.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 30 4.3 OBJETIVO GENERAL DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO 30 4.4 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO 315. SUPUESTOS 32 5.1 JUSTIFICACI?N TE?RICA 32 6. MARCO CONCEPTUAL 34 6.1 CONSECUENCIAS DEL DESASEO Y LA FALTA DE HIGIENE ESCOLAR. 37 7. M?TODO Y RECOLECCI?N DE LA INFORMACI?N 40 7.1 M?TODO 40 7.1.1 T?cnicas de investigaci?n 40 7.1.2 Instrumentos utilizados 40 7.2 POBLACI?N Y MUESTRA 41 7.3 DESCRIPCI?N DE SUJETOS PARTICIPANTES EN LA INVESTIGACI?N. 41 7.4 DESCRIPCI?N Y JUSTIFICACI?N DE INSTRUMENTOS EMPLEADOS. 41 8. AN?LISIS E INTERPRETACI?N DE LOS DATOS 43 8.1 DESCRIPCI?N Y JUSTIFICACI?N DEL M?TODO DE AN?LISIS. 43 8.2 COMPARACI?N DE LOS RESULTADOS CUANTITATIVOS Y CUALITATIVOS 43 8.3 RESULTADOS DE LA INFORMACI?N CUALITATIVA 47 8.3.1 Diario de campo 47 8.3.2 La entrevista 48 8.4 RESULTADOS DE LA INFORMACION CUANTITATIVA (ENCUESTA) 48 8.5 PROCESOS DE CLASIFICACI?N, TABULACI?N, CODIFICACI?N Y CATEGORIZACI?N DE LA INFORMACI?N RECOLECTADA. 51 8.5.1. Clasificaci?n de la informaci?n por categor?as diario de campo 51 8.5.2. Clasificaci?n de la informaci?n por categor?as entrevista personal 51 8.6 AN?LISIS E INTERPRETACI?N DE RESULTADOS 51 8.6.1. An?lisis e interpretaci?n de resultados Diario de Campo 51 8.6.2 An?lisis e interpretaci?n de resultados Entrevista personal 51 8.6.3 An?lisis e interpretaci?n de resultados de resultados Cuantitativos (encuesta). 52 9. DISCUSI?N DE RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES 5610. ESTRATEGIAS DE MEJORAMIENTO 59 10.1 ESTRATEGIA DE CULTURIZACION DE LOS USUARIOS EDUCATIVOS 59 10.2 ESTRATEGIA DE CAPACITACI?N 60 10.2.1 Conferencias 60 10.2.2 Monitorias 60 10.2.3 Talleres, de sensibilizaci?n y concientizaci?n 60 10.2.4 Establecimiento de un dep?sito para almacenamiento de elementos de aseo 61 10.3 ESTRATEGIA DE PROMOCION DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE ESCOLAR 61 11. MATRIZ ESTRATEGICA DE RESULTADOS DE LA INVESTIGACI?N N.1 63 REFERENCIAS 63 ANEXOS 6

Incidencia, complicaciones y factores relacionados con las infecciones del sitio operatorio, hospital de tercer nivel. Ibagu? 2012 a 2013

80 p.La infecci?n del sitio operatorio es una complicaci?n cl?nica importante, actualmente constituyen la tercera causa de infecci?n intrahospitalaria, despu?s de la infecci?n urinaria y la neumon?a, y son la primera causa de infecci?n entre los pacientes quir?rgicos (38%). Las ISO causan un impacto importante en t?rminos de mortalidad, morbilidad y costos; de los pacientes que fallecen por infecci?n postoperatoria, el 77% de los casos se origin? como ISO; 93% de las mismas corresponden a infecciones severas que comprometen ?rganos o cavidades. De acuerdo a datos del CDC para el a?o 2002 en los Estados Unidos 205 de las muertes estuvieron asociadas a ISO. ?Los factores de riesgo que determinan la aparici?n de las ISO son m?ltiples y pueden estar ligados al paciente, a la intervenci?n y a la t?cnica quir?rgica utilizada?. (1) Palabras Claves: Infecci?n del sitio operatorio, herida limpia, herida limpia ? contaminada, factores relacionados.Surgical site infection is a major clinical complication, currently the third leading cause of nosocomial infection after urinary tract infection and pneumonia, and are the leading cause of infection among surgical patients (38%). The ISO cause a major impact in terms of mortality, morbidity and costs; of patients dying of postoperative infection, 77% of the cases originated as ISO; 93% of them correspond to severe infections involving organs or cavities. According to CDC data for 2002 in the United States 205 deaths were associated with ISO. "Risk factors that determine the appearance of the ISO are multiple and may be linked to the patient, the surgery and the surgical technique used." (1). Key words: Surgical site infection, clean wound, wound clean - contaminated factor