O ESPORTE MODERNO: EM BUSCA DE UMA DEFINIÇÃO ADEQUADA

O artigo inicia com uma análise histórica da atividade física até o nascimento dos esportes modernos, apresentando suas bases teóricas e metodológicas, bem como os referenciais teóricos utilizados. Sua questão principal aborda a dificuldade de conceituação do termo "esporte". Na sua continuidade, identifica as diversas tentativas de definição do termo: fenomenológicas, teleológicas e as teses heurísticas ou historicistas. Por fim, concluímos, sugerindo o termo "atividades físico-esportivas" por sua melhor aplicabilidade e maior amplitude.ABSTRACTThe present article starts with an historical analysis of physical activity until the birth or modern sports, presenting its theoretical and methodological bases as wcll as the used bibliography. Its main interrogation concerns about the difficulty to conceptualize the theme "sport". In sequence, this article identifies the several attempts to define the theme by describing sport as a phenomenon, a value or an objective, interpreting texts and studying histórica! events. Ending, we conclude, suggesting the theme "physical-sportive activities" due to its better suitability am greater amplitude

VALIDAÇÃO DE CONSTRUTO DO INSTRUMENTO PERFIL DO ESTILO DE VIDA INDIVIDUAL

Esta pesquisa buscou verificar as características psicométricas do instrumento Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual (PEVI) de Nahas, Barros e Francalacci (2000) derivado do modelo do Pentáculo do Bem-Estar. Foram examinadas 168 pessoas do sexo feminino e masculino. A idade dos participantes variou entre 30 e 68 anos. Os sujeitos responderam ao questionário que possui 15 itens subdivididos, igualmente, em cinco fatores (Nutrição, Atividade Física, Comportamento Preventivo, Relacionamentos e Controle do Stress). Para responder, as pessoas usaram uma escala tipo Likert de quatro pontos. Os dados foram coletados em locais públicos, como associações e praças de um bairro classe média da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. As respostas foram analisadas pelo SPSS 11.5 através das técnicas Análise Fatorial para componentes principais com rotação Varimax e Coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Os resultados revelaram vários itens saturando em fatores não prescritos pelos autores, comprometendo a validade de construto da medida. Além disso, a fidedignidade do instrumento ficou aquém do desejável

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Multiple Scenario Generation of Subsurface Models:Consistent Integration of Information from Geophysical and Geological Data throuh Combination of Probabilistic Inverse Problem Theory and Geostatistics

Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming \u3c4 neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in 3c 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an E\u3bd-2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 7 1017 eV -2.5 7 1019 eV is E2 dN\u3bd/dE\u3bd < 4.4 7 10-9 GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1, placing strong constraints on several models of neutrino production at EeV energies and on the properties of the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

O ESPORTE MODERNO: EM BUSCA DE UMA DEFINIÇÃO ADEQUADA

O artigo inicia com uma análise histórica da atividade física até o nascimento dos esportes modernos, apresentando suas bases teóricas e metodológicas, bem como os referenciais teóricos utilizados. Sua questão principal aborda a dificuldade de conceituação do termo "esporte". Na sua continuidade, identifica as diversas tentativas de definição do termo: fenomenológicas, teleológicas e as teses heurísticas ou historicistas. Por fim, concluímos, sugerindo o termo "atividades físico-esportivas" por sua melhor aplicabilidade e maior amplitude.ABSTRACTThe present article starts with an historical analysis of physical activity until the birth or modern sports, presenting its theoretical and methodological bases as wcll as the used bibliography. Its main interrogation concerns about the difficulty to conceptualize the theme "sport". In sequence, this article identifies the several attempts to define the theme by describing sport as a phenomenon, a value or an objective, interpreting texts and studying histórica! events. Ending, we conclude, suggesting the theme "physical-sportive activities" due to its better suitability am greater amplitude