Identification and pathogenicity of Macrophomina species collected from weeds in melon fields in Northeastern Brazil

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Negreiros, AMP, Sales Júnior, R, León, M, et al. Identification and pathogenicity of Macrophomina species collected from weeds in melon fields in Northeastern Brazil. J Phytopathol. 2019; 167: 326 337. , which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12801. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] In this work, a collection of 94 Macrophomina isolates obtained from roots of two weed species, Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhavia diffusa, collected during surveys conducted during 2015 and 2016 in melon production fields in Northeastern Brazil, were characterized by using molecular techniques. Phylogenetic analysis of the EF1-alpha gene allowed the identification of 32 isolates as M. phaseolina and 62 isolates as M. pseudophaseolina. Results of a pathogenicity test performed on melon seedlings of the cv. "Gladial" revealed that all M. phaseolina isolates inoculated were able to cause disease to melon seedlings, but only some M. pseudophaseolina isolates were able to infect them. This study represents the first report of M. pseudophaseolina in both T. portulacastrum and B. diffusa weeds, which are prevalent in the main Brazilian melon producing and exporting regions. Information about the biology and epidemiology of M. pseudophaseolina is scarce because of its recent description; thus, further research is needed for a better understanding of this fungus as a potentially emerging pathogen of melon and other crops.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brazil (CAPES); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Negreiros, AMP.; Sales Junior, R.; León Santana, M.; de Assis Melo N.J.; Michereff, S.; de Queiroz Ambrósio M.M.; De Sousa Medeiros, H.... (2019). 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Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution