Localização de fósforo e de nitrogênio afetando os parâmetros cinéticos de absorção de nitrogênio em milho.

O efeito da aplicacao localizada de P na absorcao de nitrato e de amonio em milho (Zea mays L.) foi estudado utilizando-se a tecnica de raizes subdivididas. Foram testadas duas fontes de N (nitrato e amonio) e a localizacao de P e N: a) juntamente em ambos os vasos germinados. b) juntamente em apenas um dos vasos germinados, c) a aplicacao de P em um dos vasos germinados e de N no outro e d) a aplicacao de N e de P em um dos vasos germinados e de N no outro. O fornecimento de N em um vaso e de P em outro, reduziu a Vmax para amonio em relacao aos tratamentos em que ambos os elementos foram fornecidos no mesmo vaso. A km para ambas as fontes de N nao foi afetada pela separacao espacial do fornecimento de N e de P. A reducao da Vmax para nitrogenio, quando o N e o P foram fornecidos separadamente, se deveu ao fato de que a aplicacao de P apenas a metade do sistema radicular, comparativamente a sua aplicacao em todo o sistema radicular, reduziu a concentracao deste elemento na parte aerea e na porcao radicular onde nao ocorreu aplicacao externa de P, indicando haver problemas de ciclagem interna de P em plantas de milho

Placas "ready to use" para detecção simultânea de multieventos geneticamente modificados.

O crescimento em âmbito nacional e mundial de áreas cultivadas com plantas Geneticamente Modificadas (GM) através da inserção e modificação de material genético em diferentes organismos originam uma série de novos eventos. Em virtude da distinta regulamentação mundial, buscou-se uma ferramenta de detecção simultânea, para monitorar e/ou controlar o fluxo desses eventos de forma eficaz, uma vez que a autorização ocorre de forma independente em cada país. A placa ?ready to use? confere agilidade à técnica de PCR em tempo real, devido à redução do tempo de preparo de análise, além de possibilitar multi-detecção de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs), simultaneamente. O presente estudo avaliou a estabilidade das placas, nas seguintes condições: não liofilizada; liofilizada; período (6 meses); e armazenagem (temperatura ambiente, geladeira e freezer). Observou-se que não há variação significativa nos resultados obtidos pelas placas armazenadas no freezer e na geladeira, no mesmo período

Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates

Copyright © 2012 European Geosciences Union. This is the published version available at http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/3381/2012/bg-9-3381-2012.htmlAboveground tropical tree biomass and carbon storage estimates commonly ignore tree height (H). We estimate the effect of incorporating H on tropics-wide forest biomass estimates in 327 plots across four continents using 42 656 H and diameter measurements and harvested trees from 20 sites to answer the following questions: 1. What is the best H-model form and geographic unit to include in biomass models to minimise site-level uncertainty in estimates of destructive biomass? 2. To what extent does including H estimates derived in (1) reduce uncertainty in biomass estimates across all 327 plots? 3. What effect does accounting for H have on plot- and continental-scale forest biomass estimates? The mean relative error in biomass estimates of destructively harvested trees when including H (mean 0.06), was half that when excluding H (mean 0.13). Power- and Weibull-H models provided the greatest reduction in uncertainty, with regional Weibull-H models preferred because they reduce uncertainty in smaller-diameter classes (≤40 cm D) that store about one-third of biomass per hectare in most forests. Propagating the relationships from destructively harvested tree biomass to each of the 327 plots from across the tropics shows that including H reduces errors from 41.8 Mg ha−1 (range 6.6 to 112.4) to 8.0 Mg ha−1 (−2.5 to 23.0). For all plots, aboveground live biomass was −52.2 Mg ha−1 (−82.0 to −20.3 bootstrapped 95% CI), or 13%, lower when including H estimates, with the greatest relative reductions in estimated biomass in forests of the Brazilian Shield, east Africa, and Australia, and relatively little change in the Guiana Shield, central Africa and southeast Asia. Appreciably different stand structure was observed among regions across the tropical continents, with some storing significantly more biomass in small diameter stems, which affects selection of the best height models to reduce uncertainty and biomass reductions due to H. After accounting for variation in H, total biomass per hectare is greatest in Australia, the Guiana Shield, Asia, central and east Africa, and lowest in east-central Amazonia, W. Africa, W. Amazonia, and the Brazilian Shield (descending order). Thus, if tropical forests span 1668 million km2 and store 285 Pg C (estimate including H), then applying our regional relationships implies that carbon storage is overestimated by 35 Pg C (31–39 bootstrapped 95% CI) if H is ignored, assuming that the sampled plots are an unbiased statistical representation of all tropical forest in terms of biomass and height factors. Our results show that tree H is an important allometric factor that needs to be included in future forest biomass estimates to reduce error in estimates of tropical carbon stocks and emissions due to deforestation

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42\ub74% vs 44\ub72%; absolute difference \u20131\ub769 [\u20139\ub758 to 6\ub711] p=0\ub767; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5\u20138] vs 6 [5\u20138] cm H2O; p=0\ub70011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30\ub75% vs 19\ub79%; p=0\ub70004; adjusted effect 16\ub741% [95% CI 9\ub752\u201323\ub752]; p<0\ub70001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0\ub780 [95% CI 0\ub775\u20130\ub786]; p<0\ub70001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status. Funding: No funding