16-The Indian and the Prairie: Prehistoric and Early Historic Utilization of Native Grassland Environments in Kalamazoo County) Michigan, with Emphasis on Gourd-Neck Prairie in Schoolcraft Township. Project No. S85-212

With grant support from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, administered by the Bureau of History, Michigan Department of State, a team of archaeologists from Western Michigan University has undertaken a program of fieldwork (with appropriate literature search and review of the documents) to identify archaeological sites and ascertain the nature of the activity conducted from them in an attempt to explain the nature of the relationship between the native inhabitants of Kalamazoo County and the former grassland environments that occurred here. A review of the relevant literature prior to initiating a program of survey on Gourd-Neck Prairie in southern Kalamazoo County during Spring 1985, strongly suggested that contact period village sites and prehistoric works including mounds, earthen enclosures, and garden beds were associated with the former prairies in the county. However, reconnaissance level survey work undertaken in 1979 on Gull and Toland\u27s prairies by teams of experienced surveyors had resulted in confirmation of a single previously recorded site and the discovery of no new sites; albeit surveyors systematically evaluated more than 5.4 km2 of farmland affording excellent conditions of surface visibility. Before concluding that the documents provided by early American residents were inaccurate or incorrect, a more vigorous test of the hypothesis that Indians intensively occupied the prairies prior to American settlement of the county was required. Gourd-Neck Prairie in Schoolcraft Township {T4S RllW) was selected for several reasons: (l) the prairie is reported to have encompassed slightly more than 10 km2 , making a target of 100% surveyor coverage attainable with a small field party and a brief period in which to accomplish the fieldwork; (2) the personnel participating in the project were already familiar with the area, having established important landowner and collector contacts during the 1982 and 1984 field seasons; and (3) the former prairie was now characterized by extensive commercial farming operations, providing for anticipated surface visibility that would be excellent for a program of research employing surface reconnaissance procedures to record archaeological observations. During a two week period in Spring 1985, a team of three surveyors evaluated 818 ha (2022 acres) or 81% of the area formerly supporting prairie vegetation. In addition, we surveyed 319 ha (788 acres) in adjacent areas that formerly supported oak savanna and bur oak openings. Fourteen new sites were recorded, and four previously recorded sites were revisited during the course of fieldwork. Of the new sites, six occur on the prairie and eight are located near creeks or standing bodies of water to the north, east, and south of the former native grassland. Simila~ly, all previously recorded sites lie between the prairie and Portage Creek and the north shore of Barton Lake on the southeast margin of Gourd-Neck Prairie. Our analysis of these data suggests that sites occurring on the former prairie represent very task specific or limited activity loci (e.g. the loss of a projectile during an episode of hunting), with the more intensively occupied settlements being situated in oak savanna and bur oak openings affording greater access to resources (e.g. wood) i i deemed critical to support a camp or village and also closer proximity to nearby, resource rich wetlands and the lakes and streams that they flanked. Clearly, our research to date strongly suggests that the historical documents must be more critically evaluated before recording locations referenced in them as bona fide archaeological sites providing distributional information useful in better understanding settlement patterns (and subsistence practices) of the native inhabitants of Kalamazoo County, Michigan

15-An Archaeological Survey in Pavilion and Schoolcraft Townships, Kalamazoo County, Michigan

During the 1984 field season, Dr. William Cremin and the Western Michigan University archaeological field school continued the program of site location survey that had been initiated two years earlier in Pavilion Township (T3S RlOW), Kalamazoo County, Michigan. In addition, a small area flanking the north end of Barton Lake in nearby Schoolcraft Township (T4S RllW) was similarly evaluated. With the cooperation of numerous area landowners and local artifact collectors, almost 40 parcels of land aggregating 361 ha in Pavilion and 33 ha in Schoolcraft townships were surveyed by means of surface reconnaissance procedures. There follows a report of our survey activity, including descriptions of the archaeological sites that were recorded and collected and recommendations regarding the proper disposition of several \u27\u27problem\u27\u27 sites; the latter reflect in one instance disagreement among the documentary sources as to the location of a burial mound and in a second the erroneous recording of a natural feature on the landscape as a cultural phenomenon (i.e. burial mound)

17-An Archaeological Survey of the Middle St. Joseph River Valley in St. Joseph County, Michigan

Between 2-19 Jun 86, a team of researchers from Western Michigan University conducted a reconnaissance level survey of a 63.5 km2 transect across the St. Joseph River Valley in Leonidas and Colon Townships, St. Joseph County, Michigan. They gained access to 77 parcels of farmland affording good to excellent surface visibility and aggregating 15.3 km 2 , or 24% of the entire study area. In the process, 87 new archaeological sites were located and recorded; another three sites were recorded on the basis of documentary evidence reviewed during the course of the project. For each of 16 sampling strata evaluated, at least one site attributable to Amerindian occupation was recorded. However, the data on site distribution in the study area show a pronounced tendency for the more impressive sites to concentrate along the course of the St. Joseph, especially near the confluence of Nottawa Creek with the river, and to a lesser extend along the lower reaches of this feeder stream and overlooking Long Lake through which another major tributary, Swan Creek, passes as it flows toward its confluence with the St. Joseph River. In the report which follows, the survey area is briefly described, previously recorded sites are discussed, the research design employed in this survey is outlined, and the results of our efforts are fully presented. The report concludes with comparisons of the data set derived from the 1986 SJVA-I transect with those acquired during similar programs of research in the nearby drainages of the Middle Kalamazoo and Portage Rivers, together with some general statements about the implications of these data for Amerindian subsistence settlement behavior in this area of southwest Michigan. In our recommendations regarding management of archaeological resources in this apparently very rich zone, we mention that as many as 10 sites recorded by the survey team in 1986 may warrant evaluation of their eligibility For listing in the National Register of Historic Places; note our current plans to conduct Phase II investigations at two of these sites in the upcoming field season, with grant support From the Historic Preservation Grant Program administered through the Bureau of History, Michigan Department of State; and comment on the cooperative attitude of area landowners and how good communications between professional archaeologists and property owners in the study area will greatly Facilitate management efforts with respect to the resources as well as make possible future research oriented toward mare intensive evaluation of potentially significant sites in this universe

Why are Some Plant Species Missing from Restorations? A Diagnostic Tool for Temperate Grassland Ecosystems

The U.N. Decade on Ecosystem Restoration aims to accelerate actions to prevent, halt, and reverse the degradation of ecosystems, and re-establish ecosystem functioning and species diversity. The practice of ecological restoration has made great progress in recent decades, as has recognition of the importance of species diversity to maintaining the long-term stability and functioning of restored ecosystems. Restorations may also focus on specific species to fulfill needed functions, such as supporting dependent wildlife or mitigating extinction risk. Yet even in the most carefully planned and managed restoration, target species may fail to germinate, establish, or persist. To support the successful reintroduction of ecologically and culturally important plant species with an emphasis on temperate grasslands, we developed a tool to diagnose common causes of missing species, focusing on four major categories of filters, or factors: genetic, biotic, abiotic, and planning & land management. Through a review of the scientific literature, we propose a series of diagnostic tests to identify potential causes of failure to restore target species, and treatments that could improve future outcomes. This practical diagnostic tool is meant to strengthen collaboration between restoration practitioners and researchers on diagnosing and treating causes of missing species in order to effectively restore them

The promoter of a plant defensin gene directs specific expression in nematode-induced syncytia in Arabidopsis roots

The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces a feeding site, called syncytium, in roots of host plants. In Arabidopsis, one of the genes whose expression is strongly induced in these structures is Pdf2.1 which codes for an antimicrobial plant defensin. Arabidopsis has 13 plant defensin genes. Besides Pdf2.1, the Pdf2.2 and Pdf2.3 genes were strongly expressed in syncytia and therefore the expression of all three Pdf genes was studied in detail. The promoter of the Pdf2.1 gene turned out to be an interesting candidate to drive a syncytium-specific expression of foreign genes as RT-PCR showed that apart from the feeding site it was only expressed in siliques (seeds). The Pdf2.2 and Pdf2.3 genes were in addition expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, and flowers. These results were supported by the analysis of promoter::GUS lines. After infection with H. schachtii all GUS lines showed a strong staining in syncytia at 5 and 15 dpi. This expression pattern was confirmed by in situ RT-PCR

Clinical Features Associated with Delirium Motor Subtypes in Older Inpatients: Results of a Multicenter Study

Objective To date motor subtypes of delirium have been evaluated in single-center studies with a limited examination of the relationship between predisposing factors and motor profile of delirium. We sought to report the prevalence and clinical profile of subtypes of delirium in a multicenter study. Methods This is a point prevalence study nested in the â\u80\u9cDelirium Day 2015â\u80\u9d, which included 108 acute and 12 rehabilitation wards in Italy. Delirium was detected using the 4-AT and motor subtypes were measured with the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale (DMSS). A multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with delirium subtypes. Results Of 429 patients with delirium, the DMSS was completed in 275 (64%), classifying 21.5% of the patients with hyperactive delirium, 38.5% with hypoactive, 27.3% with mixed and 12.7% with the non-motor subtype. The 4-AT score was higher in the hyperactive subtype, similar in the hypoactive, mixed subtypes, while it was lowest in the non-motor subtype. Dementia was associated with all three delirium motor subtypes (hyperactive, OR 3.3, 95% CI: 1.2-8.7; hypoactive, OR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.2-6.5; mixed OR 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1-6.2). Atypical antipsychotics were associated with hypoactive delirium (OR 0.23, 95% CI: 0.1-0.7), while intravenous lines were associated with mixed delirium (OR 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2-6.9). Conclusions The study shows that hypoactive delirium is the most common subtype among hospitalized older patients. Specific clinical features were associated with different delirium subtypes. The use of standardized instruments can help to characterize the phenomenology of different motor subtypes of delirium