BEHAVIORAL AND CULTURAL ACCOUNTS OF CORRUPTION IN THE INTERFACE BETWEEN PUBLIC OFFICER AND CLIENT

O presente artigo aplica uma perspectiva analítico comportamental para examinar comportamento corrupto. Com esse artigo, pretende-se atender a um chamado feito há algumas décadas aos analistas do comportamento para estender os interesses e estratégias de sua disciplina a domínios tradicionalmente atribuídos às ciências sociais. Este artigo tem três objetivos: primeiro, examinar a corrupção como fenômeno comportamental e cultural; segundo, alertar a comunidade das ciências sociais para a utilidade das ferramentas conceituais analítico-comportamentais para a investigação da corrupção; terceiro, chamar a atenção de analistas do comportamento para algumas pesquisas sobre corrupção, que é uma das questões mais críticas do século XXI.Palavras-chave: Corrupção, Contingências, Metacontingências, Práticas culturais, Cultura.This paper applies a behavior analytic framework to examine corrupt behavior. With this article, we heed to the call made some decades ago to behavior analysts to extend the interests and strategies of their discipline into domains traditionally assigned to the social sciences. This article has three objectives: First, to examine corruption as behavioral and cultural phenomena; Second is to draw the attention of the social sciences community to the potentials of behavior analytic tools to investigate corrupt behavior; Third, to appeal to behavior analysts to direct some research attention to corruption, which is one of the most critical issues of the twenty-first century.Keywords: corruption, Contingencies, Metacontingencies, Cultural practices, Culture

Temporal control in chained fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules

Four rats were subjected to chained fixed-ratio (FR), fixed-interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement (chain FR 5 FI). A FR schedule at one lever produced a discriminative stimulus (i.e., light) associated with an FI schedule of primary reinforcement (water) at the second response lever. The FR schedule was kept constant, whereas the FI length was changed from 10 to 60 s under five different experimental conditions. Increases in the FI length resulted in increases in pre-ratio pauses, but pauses in the FI tended to be a constant percentage of FI length. Data from this experiment indicate that pre-ratio pauses are also a function of the interreinforcement interval (IRI). Data from three experiments with chained FR 5 FI 60-s schedules indicate that pausing in the FI component of chained FR FI schedules with the FI as the second component of the chain may tend to disappear as the IRI duration increases

Fixed-interval pause duration in chained fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules

Ten rats were submitted to chained fixed-ratio (FR), fixed-interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement. A FR schedule at one lever produced a discriminative stimulus associated with a FI 60-s schedule of primary reinforcement (water) at the second response lever. In Experiment 1, the FI schedule was kept constant while the FR requirement was changed from one to seven responses under five different experimental conditions for five rats. Increases in the FR requirement resulted in increases in post-reinforcement pauses but also decreases in pauses in the FI schedule. Using another five rats, Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that short pauses in the FI schedule result from the use of the chained schedules procedure. Baseline was a FI 80-s schedule. In the second condition, chained FR 1 FI 80-s schedules were programmed. The third condition was a return to baseline. In baselines 1 and 2, the FI pause was compatible with the literature but decreased considerably when a chained schedule was used. The present results support the hypothesis that the time between primary reinforcement presentations dominates the control of FI pauses over control by the onset of a discriminative stimulus

Surgical maneuvers performed on rhinoplasty procedures carried out at an otorhinolaryngology residency program

SummaryRhinoplasty is one of the most challenging surgical procedures, due both to the diversity of the techniques and to the difficulty in foreseeing long-term outcomes. Each patient has a different nasal anatomy, dictated by genetic inheritance - race, thus requiring a different technique for each case. The international literature emphasizes the techniques used for the Caucasian nose, which is rarely seen in our region.AimEvaluate and discuss surgical maneuvers used on rhinoplasty procedures performed on local patients at our ENT residency services.Materials and MethodsWe evaluated the operative notes from all patients submitted to rhinoplasty at the Residency Program on Otorhinolaryngology at the Federal University of Uberlândia, from December 2003 to June 2004.ResultsOne hundred and sixty-six patients were submitted to rhinoplasty, in which marginal incisions were performed in 118 (71.1%), with the delivery technique performed on the inferior lateral cartilages and some procedures carried out on them (strut, sheen, sutures, etc). Only 45 patients (27.1%) were submitted to basic rhinoplasty and 3 (1.8%) to open rhinoplasty.ConclusionMost of our patients demanded additional procedures, and the “basic rhinoplasty”, commonly performed on the Caucasian nose was an exception on our patients

A aplicação da análise envoltória de dados para avaliação de eficiência de cursos de graduação: uma revisão sistemática/ The application of data envelopment analysis to evaluate the efficiency of undergraduate courses: a systematic review

A avaliação de desempenho nas Instituições de Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) está cada vez mais importante para sua manutenção e funcionamento, seja para manter a qualidade de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão por estas oferecidas, ou até mesmo para o aumento de vagas e o atendimento da demanda da comunidade, tendo em vista os atuais cortes de orçamento pelas instituições governamentais. Como avaliar a eficiência institucional, com as mais variadas especificidades de cursos de determinada IFES? O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em identificar por meio da revisão sistemática do tema e como associar os múltiplos indicadores das IFES. A Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) é a metodologia que melhor se adequa à análise da eficiência da IFES a partir de multicritérios de insumos e resultados. Foi realizada uma revisa?o sistemática, descritiva e explorato?ria da aplicação da DEA em ambientes das IFES. A busca de artigos foi realizada atrave?s das bases de dados do Periódicos CAPES, utilizando os seguintes descritores: “Data Envelopment Analysis” e “educational institutions”. Foram selecionados 143 artigos nos idiomas Ingle?s e Portugue?s. Pore?m, apo?s a aplicac?a?o dos crite?rios de inclusa?o e exclusa?o, apenas 15 artigos foram incluídos na amostra final. Os artigos selecionados foram publicados entre os anos de 2016 e 2021. Analisando o conjunto de pesquisas, verifica-se que a DEA apresenta uma boa avaliação de eficiência ao possibilitar a criação de modelos combinando os múltiplos indicadores selecionados, conforme a necessidade de cada tomador de decisão da instituição

Covid-19 e suas manifestações sistêmicas / Covid-19 and its systemic manifestations

INTRODUÇÃO: Quase todos os países  no mundo foram afetados pela COVID-19 e os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo nunca funcionaram sob esta enorme pressão. Dezenas de milhares de pacientes recém-infectados e milhares de mortes são relatadas a cada dia. OBJETIVO: descrever as principais alterações sistêmicas relacionadas a infecção pelo COVID-19. METODOLOGIA: foi utilizado para a pesquisa as seguintes bibliotecas virtuais: a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), através da base de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs); a Scientific Eletronic Library Online (ScIELO) e o PubMed. A busca ocorreu no mês de setembro de 2020, utilizando os seguintes Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): COVID-19; Doença cardiovascular; Doença Sistêmica; Resultado. RESULTADOS: 80,9% das pessoas infectadas com SARS-CoV-2 eram assintomáticas ou desenvolveram apenas pneumonia leve, mas liberaram grandes quantidades de vírus na fase inicial de sua infecção. Naqueles que se tornam sintomáticos, as manifestações clínicas da COVID-19 são virtualmente indistinguíveis da influenza. É inicialmente caracterizado por febre em até 90% e tosse em aproximadamente 50% com sintomas que se desenvolvem após um período médio de incubação de 4-6,7 dias. Mialgia e fadiga são observadas em cerca de 50%.  Anosmia tem sido um sintoma inicial comum. Cefaléia foi relatada em menos de 10%. Miocardite aguda foi observada em até 12% e gastroenterite e diarreia em cerca de 5%. DISCUSSÃO: A febre costuma ser o sintoma principal e inicial da COVID-19, que pode ser acompanhada por nenhum sintoma ou outros sintomas, como tosse seca, falta de ar, dor muscular, tontura, dor de cabeça, dor de garganta, rinorreia, dor no peito, diarreia, náusea e vômito. Alguns pacientes apresentaram dispneia e / ou hipoxemia uma semana após o início da doença. Em casos graves, os pacientes progrediram rapidamente para desenvolver síndrome respiratória aguda, choque séptico, acidose metabólica e coagulopatia. Pacientes com febre e / ou sintomas respiratórios e febre aguda, mesmo sem alterações de imagem pulmonar, devem ser rastreados para o vírus para diagnóstico precoce  CONCLUSÃO: A única intervenção atualmente viável e comprovada para diminuir a taxa de contágio parece ser medidas de quarentena estritas para a população em geral. Só o tempo dirá como o vírus afetará nossas vidas daqui em diante

Hospital-acquired intestinal toxemia botulism in a newly diagnosed adult colon cancer patient

This manuscript reports a case of intestinal toxemia botulism in an adult with recently diagnosed metastatic colon cancer in whom botulism symptoms began 23 days after hospital admission. Representing the rarest form of botulism presentation in clinical practice, this infectious disease may have developed due to a cluster of predisposing factors that favored Clostridium botulinum colonization and the endogenous production of neurotoxins, among which are previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and colon changes related to the development of the neoplasia. This case highlights the importance of considering intestinal toxemia botulism in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis, since immediate treatment with botulinum antitoxin may improve clinical outcomes

DISCRIMINATED CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION IN RATS: IN SEARCH OF REPLICATION

No procedimento de supressão condicionada um pareamento entre um estímulo neutro e um estímulo aversivo é sobreposto a uma linha de base de comportamento operante. O pareamento resulta em supressão do responder durante o estímulo aversivo condicionado e sua recuperação após a ocorrência do estímulo aversivo incondicionado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo replicar estudo prévio que mostrou que os efeitos supressivos do pareamento ficaram parcialmente sob controle do estímulo discriminativo. Diferentemente do estudo anterior, a presente pesquisa utilizou contrabalanceamento do componente pareado entre sujeitos. Foi empregada uma linha de base de esquemas múltiplos de intervalos variáveis (mult VI VI) iguais, correlacionados com a presença ou a ausência de luz (componente claro/escuro). O procedimento seguiu um delineamento de reversão ABAC, em que A era a linha de base, o pareamento tom-choque foi introduzido somente em um dos componentes em B e em C o tom era apresentado sem o choque (extinção do pareamento). Observou-se supressão nas taxas totais de respostas em ambos os componentes na Condição B (efeito generalizado), porém, com efeito mais acentuado no componente com paramento (efeito discriminativo). Além disso, uma análise das taxas locais replicou os achados prévios: a supressão foi mais acentuada entre o início do estímulo de aviso e o término do choque. Os resultados não apontam conclusivamente para uma diminuição nas taxas globais de respostas nas fases finais (A e C). Os efeitos de generalização podem ter sido parcialmente favorecidos pelo contexto (o mesmo para os dois componentes), o que deverá ser melhor investigado.Palavras-Chave: Esquemas múltiplos, intervalo variável, controle aversivo, supressão condicionada, ratos.In a conditioned suppression procedure, pairings between a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) are superimposed to a baseline of operant behavior. CS-US pairings result in suppression of responding during the CS and recovery of responding after presentation of the US. The present work aimed to replicate existing data concerning the question of whether conditioned suppression of lever-pressing in rats can come under control of discriminative stimuli. Different from previous work, our experiment controlled for the component in which pairings was superimposed. A reversal design of ABAC were employed. Condition A was a baseline of rats’ lever pressing response under a two-component multiple schedule (light/dark components) of equal variable-interval (VI) schedules (mult VI 22.5 s VI 22.5 s). Condition B involved the introduction of CS-US (tone-shock) pairings in one component of the multiple schedule (suppression phase). In Condition C, we introduced the CS alone on the component that was associated with the parings. The results indicate that responding of the subjects was suppressed in both components in the suppression phase (generalized effects), but suppression was strongest in the component associated with the conditioned emotional response (discrimination effects). The results do not conclusively point to a decrease in the overall response rates in the final conditions (A and C). The generalized effects could have been favored by the context (which were the same for both components), but future researches are needed to further clarify this observation. Key words: Conditioned suppression, aversive control, multiple schedules, variable-interval, rats

Hydronephrosis in a Dog Related to Ovariosalpingohysterectomy

Background: Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the pelvis and renal calyxes due to post-renal obstruction. The obstruction is often associated with extraluminal masses, blood clots and ureter ligation in castration procedures. Ureter ligation is reported as a malpractice. The renal function is reestablished if ligation is rapidly undone, but not for obstructions longer than four weeks. Often, clinical signs are results from months to years after the castration, when nephrectomy is the best therapeutic option. This paper aims to report a case of asymptomatic unilateral hydronephrosis in a 10-year-old dog caused by chronic ureter occlusion with Nylon 3.0 suture during an elective procedure.Case: A 10-year-old female pinscher dog, spayed 3 years ago was admitted at the Surgery Department of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí (HV-UFJ). The animal was taken for periodontal treatment. In the physical and laboratory examination (complete blood count, hepatic and renal biochemical tests) no significant and noteworthy alterations were found. Ultrasonographic examination showed no changes in the topography and echotexture of the left kidney, however the right kidney was not visualized, with an anechoic structure suggestive of advanced and severe hydronephrosis. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy was proposed to identify the observed structure, with the periodontal treatment considered for a later time. So, a retroumbilical incision was made, followed by linea alba and the removal of simple isolated suture remaining from previous surgical procedure. In the cavity, the viscera were isolated and the left kidney was identified, observing preserved anatomy. On the other hand, the right kidney had altered topography and morphology, being exposed after release of adhesions in adjacent structures. The right renal artery and vein were dissected and a double ligature was made. Then, the right ureter was dissected, observing marked dilatation in the proximal portion and the presence of local ligation with Nylon 3.0. Right ureterectomy and right nephrectomy were performed. After nephrectomy, the capsule was ruptured, observing dark fluid in it and absence of tissue compatible with renal parenchyma. The material was preserved in 10% formaldehyde and sent for histopathological examination. Histopathology revealed risk of rupture of the renal capsule due to the advance of renal degeneration and complete absence of parenchyma. However, contrary to the severity of the histopathological, surgical and ultrasonographic findings, the patient did not present clinical signs at the time of diagnosis.Discussion: In the intraoperative evaluation, the cause of the hydronephrosis was verified to be in fact the ligation of the ureter, which may have been accidental or due to the malpractice of the veterinarian surgeon. Other possible causes such as adhesions and granulomas were ruled out because the Nylon 3.0 suture was found in the proximal portion of the right ureter. It is believed that the patient may have presented clinical signs of hydronephrosis that may have been confused by the tutors as postoperative complications, changes that if identified and performed in time, could have avoided the occurrence or worsening of hydronephrosis and subsequent nephrectomy. Clinically, the bitch did not show clinical signs presented in the literature as consistent with hydronephrosis such as polyuria, polydipsia, abdominalgia, external fistula and anorexia. Therefore, it is believed that this case is one of the first reports of the occurrence of severe hydronephrosis without typical clinical manifestations of hydronephrosis. This fact raises a warning about the thorough monitoring in the postoperative period by owners and veterinarians, in addition to highlighting concerns regarding the occurrence of medical malpractice versus surgical accidents. Keywords: castration, malpractice, nephrectomy, nylon