Sand fly (Diptera Psychodidae Phlebotominae) records in Acre, Brazil a Dataset

Amazonian phlebotomine fauna is considered one of the most diverse in the world. In addition, the region is the most prevalent for leishmaniasis in Brazil and South America. The state of Acre, which belongs to this region, also stands out in terms of the diversity of the sand fly fauna, as well as the occurrence of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. In this context, the present Dataset comprise a bibliographic review of sand fly species recorded in Acre State, Amazon region, Brazil. A total of 1,096 observations from Material Citation type (and two of preserved specimens) were presented using 32 variables according to Darwin Core terms. The bibliographic review was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) and bibliographic references cited in related scientific articles. Thus, the present study is a solid report for further studies on sand fly studies in Acre and other Amazon states

Ações preventivas para o controle da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) no Vale do Ribeira, Paraná, Brasil

A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) é caracterizada por feridas na pele em forma de “cratera de lua” com baixa mortalidade, mas alta morbidade. Embora exista diagnóstico e tratamento para a LTA, a doença requer que seja feito um trabalho educativo de prevenção, uma vez que o diagnóstico é muito invasivo e o tratamento muito agressivo. Considerando os elevados números de casos autóctones de LTA na região do Vale do Ribeira, o objetivo desse estudo foi realizar ações formativas e educativas nos municípios de Cerro Azul e de Itaperuçu nos anos de 2016 a 2019. Desse modo, para ambos os municípios, foram propostas atividades educativas considerando aspectos relacionados ao: a) agente etiológico, o protozoário; b) vetor, o inseto, c) ambiente; d) profilaxia; e) diagnóstico e; f) tratamento da LTA. Em Itaperuçu, os agentes de saúde receberam capacitação sobre a coleta e reconhecimento dos flebotomíneos, vetores de Leishmania spp. Ainda, em Itaperuçu e Cerro Azul, diversas atividades educativas como jogos, palestras, teatro foram realizados para estudantes e professores. A discussão e os esclarecimentos sobre essa endemia, envolvendo os órgãos de saúde e as escolas, auxiliam na implantação de políticas públicas e melhoria ao acesso para o diagnóstico, o tratamento e, sobretudo, na sua profilaxia para a comunidade. Esses fatores favorecem o sistema de vigilância da LTA, resultando em benefícios na saúde pública para a população dessa região

The exotic palm Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O. F. cook as a rural biotype for Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954, in Caçu, state of Goiás

IntroductionRhodnius neglectus is a triatomine that colonizes different palm species. In this study, we aimed to describe the presence of this triatomine bug in the royal palms (Roystonea oleracea) in a rural region of the State of Goiás.MethodsPalm infestation was investigated by dissecting the palms or by using live-bait traps.ResultsTwo palm trees were infested by R. neglectusnegative for Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for Chagas disease. In the study area, R. neglectus is frequently found in households.ConclusionsThe adaptation of this species to palm trees introduced in Brazil for landscaping purposes poses another challenge for controlling the vectors of Chagas disease

Susceptibility of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected in the field, to alpha-cypermethrin in four municipalities endemic to leishmaniasis

Although the chemical control against leishmaniasis began in 1953 in Brazil, little information is available on how this strategy has affected populations of phlebotomine sandflies in the field. The objective of this study was to analyze the susceptibility profile of four populations of phlebotomine sandflies to the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Sandflies collected in field in four Brazilian municipalities were evaluated using CDC bottles in different concentrations of alpha-cypermethrin. A total of 1,186 phlebotomine sandflies were used in the bioassays. The LD50 ranged from 1.48 to 2.57 ug/mL in the field populations. For a dose of 5 ug/mL of alpha-cypermethrin, the LT50 and LT95 ranged from 17.9 to 27.5 minutes, and LT95 from 39.7 to 61.5 minutes, respectively. All the populations studied were highly susceptible to the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Routine studies are needed to detect changes in sandflies susceptibility to insecticides

Does stroke volume increase during an incremental exercise? A systematic review

Introduction: Cardiac output increases during incremental-load exercise to meet metabolic skeletal muscle demand. This response requires a fast adjustment in heart rate and stroke volume. The heart rate is well known to increase linearly with exercise loadhowever, data for stroke volume during incremental-load exercise are unclear. Our objectives were to (a) review studies that have investigated stroke volume on incremental load exercise and (b) summarize the findings for stroke volume, primarily at maximal-exercise load. Methods: A comprehensive review of the Cochrane Library's, Embase, Medline, SportDiscus, PubMed, and Web of Sci-ence databases was carried out for the years 1985 to the present. The search was performed between February and June 2014 to find studies evaluating changes in stroke volume during incremental-load exercise. Controlled and uncontrolled trials were evaluated for a quality score. Results: The stroke volume data in maximal-exercise load are inconsistent. There is evidence to hypothesis that stroke volume increases during maximal-exercise load, but other lines of evidence indicate that stroke volume reaches a plateau under these circumstances, or even decreases. Conclusion: The stroke volume are unclear, include contradictory evidence. Additional studies with standardized reporting for subjects (e.g., age, gender, physical fitness, and body position), exercise test protocols, and left ventricular function are required to clarify the characteristics of stroke volume during incremental maximal-exercise load.National Council for Scientific [479395/2012-8]Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Fisiopatologia Cardíaca, São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Nove de Julho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada a Ciências da Saúde, São Paulo, SP, BrazilLaboratorio de Fisiologia Transacional dos Programas de Pos Graduacao em Educacao Fisica e Ciências do En-velhecimento, São Paulo, SP, BrasilUniversidade Nove de Julho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Programa de Mestrado em Educação Física, Cuiabá, MT, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Fisiopatologia Cardíaca, São Paulo, SP, BrazilNational Council for Scientific: 479395/2012-8Web of Scienc

SEGREGAÇÃO RESIDENCIAL E REDES SOCIAIS FORMADAS NAS ESCOLAS: EFEITOS SOBRE A RENDA DOS TRABALHADORES NA CIDADE DE SALVADOR

The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of spatial segregation between whites and blacks, and their social networks formed in schools, on the wages of workers in the city of Salvador. Empirical studies show that Salvador is the most segregated city in Brazil. The theoretical literature suggests that social networks are formed mainly in schools, and have a crucial role both in the spread of job opportunities in the indication of potential candidates to fill them. In this context, the evolution of the urban structure of the city of Salvador, mostly from the 1950s, generates a phenomenon of socio-spatial segregation. Thus, from both School and Population Brazilian 2010 Census, we calculated the dissimilarity indexes for the degree of spatial segregation of elementary school students in the city of Salvador, to verify the displacement of mincerian equations wage regarding the level of segregation between whites and blacks. The results showed that the predominance of whites in private schools, in the most affluent areas of the city, increases segregation in the city. Moreover, segregation positively affects expected salary of whites and reduces the expected value for blacks.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o impacto da segregação espacial entre brancos e negros, e respectivas redes sociais formadas nas escolas, sobre os salários dos trabalhadores da cidade de Salvador. Os estudos empíricos mostram que Salvador é a cidade mais segregada do Brasil. A literatura teórica aponta que as redes sociais são formadas principalmente nas escolas, e passam a assumir uma função crucial tanto na disseminação das oportunidades de emprego como na indicação de candidatos em potencial para ocupá-los. Nesse contexto, a evolução da estrutura urbana da cidade de Salvador, principalmente a partir da década de 1950, ocorreu de forma a gerar um fenômeno de segregação sócio-espacial. Desse modo, a partir de dados do Censo Escolar e do Censo Demográfico de 2010, foram calculados os índices de dissimilaridade referente ao grau de segregação espacial dos alunos do Ensino Fundamental da cidade de Salvador, para verificar o deslocamento de equações mincerianas de salários, em função do nível de segregação espacial entre brancos e negros. Os resultados mostraram que o predomínio de brancos nas escolas particulares, naturalmente nas áreas mais abastadas da cidade, faz com que segregação aumente na cidade. Além disso, a segregação afeta positivamente o salário esperado de brancos e reduz o valor esperado para os negros

Geographic distribution of phlebotomine sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Central-West Brazil

This study updates the geographic distributions of phlebotomine species in Central-West Brazil and analyses the climatic factors associated with their occurrence. The data were obtained from the entomology services of the state departments of health in Central-West Brazil, scientific collections and a literature review of articles from 1962-2014. Ecological niche models were produced for sandfly species with more than 20 occurrences using the Maxent algorithm and eight climate variables. In all, 2,803 phlebotomine records for 127 species were analysed. Nyssomyia whitmani,Evandromyia lenti and Lutzomyia longipalpiswere the species with the greatest number of records and were present in all the biomes in Central-West Brazil. The models, which were produced for 34 species, indicated that the Cerrado areas in the central and western regions of Central-West Brazil were climatically more suitable to sandflies. The variables with the greatest influence on the models were the temperature in the coldest months and the temperature seasonality. The results show that phlebotomine species in Central-West Brazil have different geographical distribution patterns and that climate conditions in essentially the entire region favour the occurrence of at least one Leishmania vector species, highlighting the need to maintain or intensify vector control and surveillance strategies

Effectiveness of dog collars impregnated with 4% deltamethrin in controlling visceral leishmaniasis in Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidade: Phlebotominae) populations

BACKGROUND There is little information on the effect of using deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of 4% deltamethrin-impregnated collars (Scalibor®) in controlling visceral leishmaniasis in Lutzomyia longipalpis by comparing populations in intervention and non-intervention areas. METHODS Phlebotomine flies were captured over 30 months in four neighbourhoods with intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Fortaleza and Montes Claros. We calculated the rates of domicile infestation, relative abundance of Lu. longipalpis, and Lu. longipalpis distribution in each site, capture location (intra- and peridomestic locations) and area (intervention and non-intervention areas). FINDINGS In the control area in Fortaleza, the relative abundance of Lu. longipalpis was 415 specimens at each capture site, whereas in the intervention area it was 159.25; in Montes Claros, the relative abundance was 5,660 specimens per capture site in the control area, whereas in the intervention area it was 2,499.4. The use of dog collars was associated with a reduction in captured insects of 15% (p = 0.004) and 60% (p < 0.001) in Montes Claros and Fortaleza, respectively. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We observed a lower vector abundance in the intervention areas, suggesting an effect of the insecticide-impregnated collars

The role of gallery forests in maintaining Phlebotominae populations: potential Leishmania spp. vectors in the Brazilian savanna

Background: knowledge on synanthropic phlebotomines and their natural infection by Leishmania is necessary for the identification of potential areas for leishmaniasis occurrence. Objective: to analyse the occurrence of Phlebotominae in gallery forests and household units (HUs) in the city of Palmas and to determine the rate of natural infection by trypanosomatids. Methods: gallery forests and adjacent household areas were sampled on July (dry season) and November (rainy season) in 2014. The total sampling effort was 960 HP light traps and eight Shannon traps. Trypanosomatids were detected in Phlebotominae females through the amplification of the SSU rDNA region, and the positive samples were used in ITS1-PCR. Trypanosomatid species were identified using sequencing. Findings: a total of 1,527 sand flies representing 30 species were captured in which 949 (28 spp.) and 578 (22 spp.) were registered in July and November, respectively. In July, more specimens were captured in the gallery forests than in the HUs, and Nyssomyia whitmani was particularly frequent. In November, most of the specimens were found in the HUs, and again, Ny. whitmani was the predominant species. Lutzomyia longipalpis was commonly found in domestic areas, while Bichromomyia flaviscutellata was most frequent in gallery forests. Molecular analysis of 154 pools of females (752 specimens) identified Leishmania amazonensis, L. infantum, and Crithidia fasciculata in Ny. whitmani, as well as L. amazonensis in Lu. longipalpis, Trypanosoma sp. and L. amazonensis in Pintomyia christenseni, and L. amazonensis in both Psathyromyia hermanlenti and Evandromyia walkeri. Main conclusions: these results show the importance of gallery forests in maintaining Phlebotominae populations in the dry month, as well as their frequent occurrence in household units in the rainy month. This is the first study to identify Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Crithidia species in Phlebotominae collected in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil

Publishing data to support the fight against human vector-borne diseases

Vector-borne diseases are responsible for more than 17% of human cases of infectious diseases. In most situations, effective control of debilitating and deadly vector-bone diseases (VBDs), such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika and Chagas requires up-to-date, robust and comprehensive information on the presence, diversity, ecology, bionomics and geographic spread of the organisms that carry and transmit the infectious agents. Huge gaps exist in the information related to these vectors, creating an essential need for campaigns to mobilise and share data. The publication of data papers is an effective tool for overcoming this challenge. These peer-reviewed articles provide scholarly credit for researchers whose vital work of assembling and publishing well-described, properly-formatted datasets often fails to receive appropriate recognition. To address this, GigaScience 's sister journal GigaByte partnered with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to publish a series of data papers, with support from the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), hosted by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Here we outline the initial results of this targeted approach to sharing data and describe its importance for controlling VBDs and improving public health