The Right in Natural Resources

يعد وجود الثروات الطبيعية على الكرة الارضية احدى اساسيات استمرار الحياة فيها، لأنَها باختصار ملكية لأبنائها، فلا يمكن التصور وجود حياة بشرية خالية الموارد الطبيعية. إن الاهتمام بالثروات يشكل ضمانه حقيقية تتبلور على وفقها احدى مظاهر الدولة القانونية والمتمثلة باحترام حقوق الانسان ومنها حقه في استغلال الثروات لصالح توفير عيش وتقليل مستويات الفقر وتعزيز مستويات التطور الاقتصادي.  إن الاهتمام بالحقوق الحديثة أخذ محله في ظل التطورات المتسارعة على مستوى القانون الدولي لينتقل بعده الى الدساتير الوطنية، إذ أخذ هذا الحق موقعه لدى واضعي الدساتير بوصفه أحد مقومات النظام الدستوري الذي يتبنى النهج الديمقراطي أسلوبا للحكم وعبر تعزيز جميع مفاهيم حقوق الجيل الثالث ووضع لها ضمانات تجعلها قابلة للتطبيق في كل مكان. إنّ صياغة الحق في الثروات في الوثائق الدستورية لم يأخذ نسقاً موحدا وانما تباين من دستور لآخر فتارة يعترف المشرع بهذا الحق وجعله ملكا للدولة بوصفها الممثل القانوني والشرعي للشعوب والتي تمارس السلطة السياسية نيابة عنه، وتارة أخرى تقرر ملكية الشعب للثروات مع منح مؤسسات الدولة الحق في الاستغلال السليم لها كما يوجب الدستور عليها توفير أقصى درجات الحماية القانونية وعدم استنزافها وصولا إلى التنمية الاقتصادية الشاملة.The existence of natural resources on the earth is one of the basics of the continuation of life in it, because in short, ownership of their children, it is impossible to imagine the existence of human life free of natural resources. The interest in wealth is a real guarantee that crystallizes on one of the legal aspects of the state, namely respect for human rights, including the right to exploit wealth in favor of saving lives, reducing poverty levels and enhancing levels of economic development. The attention to modern rights has been replaced by the rapid developments at the level of international law, which will then move on to national constitutions. This right has been placed in the hands of the authors of constitutions as one of the elements of the constitutional system, which adopts the democratic approach as a method of governance, Applicable everywhere. The formulation of the right to wealth in the constitutional documents did not take a unified pattern, but rather a variation from one constitution to another. The legislator recognized this right and made it the property of the state as the legal and legitimate representative of the people, exercising political power on his behalf. As well as the Constitution requires them to provide the maximum degree of legal protection and non-exhaustion to access to comprehensive economic developmen

Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study

Background Antibiotics sales without medical prescriptions are increasingly recognized as sources of antimicrobial misuse that can exacerbate the global burden of antibiotic resistance. We aimed to determine the percentage of pharmacies who sell antibiotics without medical prescriptions, examining the potential associated risks of such practice in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by simulation of different clinical scenarios. Methods A cross sectional study of a quasi-random sample of pharmacies stratified by the five regions of Riyadh. Each pharmacy was visited once by two investigators who simulated having a relative with a specific clinical illness (sore throat, acute bronchitis, otitis media, acute sinusitis, diarrhea, and urinary tract infection (UTI) in childbearing aged women). Results A total of 327 pharmacies were visited. Antibiotics were dispensed without a medical prescription in 244 (77.6%) of 327, of which 231 (95%) were dispensed without a patient request. Simulated cases of sore throat and diarrhea resulted in an antibiotic being dispensed in (90%) of encounters, followed by UTI (75%), acute bronchitis (73%), otitis media (51%) and acute sinusitis (40%). Metronidazole (89%) and ciprofloxacin (86%) were commonly given for diarrhea and UTI, respectively, whereas amoxicillin/clavulanate was dispensed (51%) for the other simulated cases. None of the pharmacists asked about antibiotic allergy history or provided information about drug interactions. Only 23% asked about pregnancy status when dispensing antibiotics for UTI-simulated cases. Conclusions We observed that an antibiotic could be obtained in Riyadh without a medical prescription or an evidence-based indication with associated potential clinical risks. Strict enforcement and adherence to existing regulations are warranted

Pullulan-based nanoparticles as carriers for transmucosal protein delivery

Polymeric nanoparticles have revealed very effective in transmucosal delivery of proteins. Polysaccharides are among the most used materials for the production of these carriers, owing to their structural flexibility and propensity to evidence biocompatibility and biodegradability. In parallel, there is a preference for the use of mild methods for their production, in order to prevent protein degradation, ensure lower costs and easier procedures that enable scaling up. In this work we propose the production of pullulan-based nanoparticles by a mild method of polyelectrolyte complexation. As pullulan is a neutral polysaccharide, sulfated and aminated derivatives of the polymer were synthesized to provide pullulan with a charge. These derivatives were then complexed with chitosan and carrageenan, respectively, to produce the nanocarriers. Positively charged nanoparticles of 180-270 nm were obtained, evidencing ability to associate bovine serum albumin, which was selected as model protein. In PBS pH 7.4, pullulan-based nanoparticles were found to have a burst release of 30% of the protein, which maintained up to 24h. Nanoparticle size and zeta potential were preserved upon freeze-drying in the presence of appropriate cryoprotectants. A factorial design was approached to assess the cytotoxicity of raw materials and nanoparticles by the metabolic test MTT. Nanoparticles demonstrated to not cause overt toxicity in a respiratory cell model (Calu-3). Pullulan has, thus, demonstrated to hold potential for the production of nanoparticles with an application in protein delivery

Limits on WWZ and WW\gamma couplings from p\bar{p}\to e\nu jj X events at \sqrt{s} = 1.8 TeV

We present limits on anomalous WWZ and WW-gamma couplings from a search for WW and WZ production in p-bar p collisions at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV. We use p-bar p -> e-nu jjX events recorded with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider during the 1992-1995 run. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 96.0+-5.1 pb^(-1). Assuming identical WWZ and WW-gamma coupling parameters, the 95% CL limits on the CP-conserving couplings are -0.33<lambda<0.36 (Delta-kappa=0) and -0.43<Delta-kappa<0.59 (lambda=0), for a form factor scale Lambda = 2.0 TeV. Limits based on other assumptions are also presented.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, 2 table

Zgamma Production in pbarp Collisions at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV and Limits on Anomalous ZZgamma and Zgammagamma Couplings

We present a study of Z +gamma + X production in p-bar p collisions at sqrt{S}=1.8 TeV from 97 (87) pb^{-1} of data collected in the eegamma (mumugamma) decay channel with the D0 detector at Fermilab. The event yield and kinematic characteristics are consistent with the Standard Model predictions. We obtain limits on anomalous ZZgamma and Zgammagamma couplings for form factor scales Lambda = 500 GeV and Lambda = 750 GeV. Combining this analysis with our previous results yields 95% CL limits |h{Z}_{30}| < 0.36, |h{Z}_{40}| < 0.05, |h{gamma}_{30}| < 0.37, and |h{gamma}_{40}| < 0.05 for a form factor scale Lambda=750 GeV.Comment: 17 Pages including 2 Figures. Submitted to PR

VLPs and particle strategies for cancer vaccines

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Studies of Gauge Boson Pair Production and Trilinear Couplings

The gauge boson pair production processes Wg, WW, WZ, and Zg were studied using pbarp collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of ~14 pb-1 at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 1.8 TeV. Analysis of Wg prod with subsequent W boson decay to lv (l=e,mu) is reported, including a fit to the pT spectrum of the photons which leads to limits on anomalous WWg couplings. A search for WW prod with subsequent decay to l-lbar-v-vbar (l=e,mu) is presented leading to an upper limit on the WW prod cross section and limits on anomalous WWg and WWZ couplings. A search for high pT W bosons in WW and WZ prod is described, where one W boson decays to an ev and the second W boson or the Z boson decays to two jets. A maximum likelihood fit to the pT spectrum of W bosons resulted in limits on anomalous WWg and WWZ couplings. A combined fit to the three data sets which provided the tightest limits on anomalous WWg and WWZ couplings is also described. Limits on anomalous ZZg and Zgg couplings are presented from an analysis of the photon ET spectrum in Zg events in the decay channels (ee, mu-mu, and v-vbar) of the Z boson.Comment: 77 Pages including 40 Figures. Submitted to PR

Study of the ZZ\gamma and Z\gamma\gamma Couplings in Z(\nu\nu)\gamma Production

We have measured the ZZ-gamma and Z-gamma-gamma couplings by studying p-bar p -> (missing ET) gamma + X events at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. This first study of hadronic Z-gamma production in the neutrino decay channel gives the most stringent limits on anomalous couplings available. A fit to the transverse energy spectrum of the photon in the candidate event sample, based on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 13.1 pb^(-1), yields 95% CL limits on the anomalous CP-conserving ZZ-gamma couplings of |h^Z_(30)|<0.9, |h^Z_(40)|<0.21, for a form-factor scale Lambda = 500 GeV. Combining these results with our previous measurement using Z -> ee and mu-mu yields the limits:|h^Z_(30)|<0.8, |h^Z_(40)|<0.19 (Lambda = 500 GeV) and |h^Z_(30)|<0.4, |h^Z_(40)|<0.06 (Lambda = 750 GeV).Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, 2 table

Limits on Anomalous WWγWW\gamma Couplings from ppˉ→Wγ+Xp\bar{p} \to W \gamma + X Events at s=1.8\sqrt{s}=1.8 TeV

We have measured the $WW\gamma$ gauge boson coupling parameters using $p\bar{p}\to \ell\nu\gamma+X$ ($\ell=e,\mu$) events at $\sqrt{s}=1.8$ TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 89.1 pb^{-1}, were collected using the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The measured cross section times branching ratio for $p\bar{p} \to W\gamma+X$ with $p_T^\gamma$ > 10 GeV/c and $R_{\ell\gamma} > 0.7$ is ${11.8}^{+1.7}_{-1.6} \pm 2.0$ pb, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction. The one degree of freedom 95% confidence level limits on individual CP-conserving parameters are $-0.98<\Delta\kappa<1.01$ and $-0.33<\lambda<0.31$. Similar limits are set on the CP}violating coupling parameters.Comment: 10 pages, including two figures. Paper submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

The Pragmatics of the Musical Text in the Contemporary Iraqi Theatrical Performance: The Play “Black orbit” as a Model

احتوى هذا البحث على أربعة فصول تضمن الفصل الأول منها (الإطار المنهجي) ممثلاً بعرض مشكلة البحث بالاستفهام الآتي: هل يمكن قراءة تداولية النص الموسيقي في العرض المسرحي العراقي المعاصر؟ وجاءت أهمية البحث والحاجة إليه بتسليط الضوء على أحد العناصر الفاعلة في تكوين الخطاب الجمالي وفقاً لمعايير ومرجعيات ذاتية وموضوعية، أما الحاجة إليه فأتت من كونه يفيد الدارسين والمهتمين في مجال الفن المسرحي لفهم عملية التداول وأهميتها في وضع سياقات النصوص والرؤى الإخراجية للعرض المسرحي, أما هدف البحث فقد تحدد بتعريف تداولية النص الموسيقي في العرض المسرحي العراقي المعاصر, أما حدود البحث فقد تحددت زمانياً 2020، ومكانياً في بغداد \العراق، العرض المقدم على خشبة المسرح الوطني وموضوعياً دراسة التداولية في النص الموسيقي لمسرحية (فلك أسود)، المقدم على خشبة المسرح الوطني واختتم الفصل بالتعريف الإجرائي. أما الفصل الثاني (الإطار النظري) فقد أشتمل على مبحثين عنى الأول منها بالتداولية مفاهيمياً، وجاء المبحث الثاني بعنوان تداولية النص الموسيقي في العرض المسرحي واختتم الفصل بالمؤشرات التي أسفر عنها الإطار النظري. أما الفصل الثالث (إجراءات البحث) فقد اشتمل على عرض أنموذج العينة (فلك أسود)، وتحليلها لقراءة النصوص الموسيقية وتداوليتها. واحتوى الفصل الرابع على النتائج التي توصل إليها الباحثان وأهمها: تمثل فعل التداول للنص الموسيقي عبر المنظومة السوسيوثقافية وما يندرج فيها من ميراث اجتماعي وثقافي ومناخ عام انعكس على النص الموسيقي عن طريق التقابل بين عناصر النص (اللحن، والآلة، والإيقاع، والأداء) مع عناصر المحيط الموضوعي: (البيئة الطبيعية، والثقافة المجتمعية، والأيدولوجية)، واحتوى هذا الفصل على الاستنتاجات والتوصيات والمقترحات ثم أتت المصادر والمراجع.This research contained four chapters, the first chapter of which included (the methodological framework), represented by presenting the research problem centered around the following question: Is it possible to read the pragmatics of the musical text in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical show? The importance of the research and the need for it came by highlighting one of the active elements in the formation of the aesthetic discourse according to subjective and objective criteria and references. As for the goal of the research, it was determined by identifying the negotiation of the musical text in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical performance. As for the limits of the research, it was determined temporally in 2020, and spatially in Baghdad, Iraq. The presentation was presented on the stage of the National Theater and objectively, the study of the deliberativeness in the musical text of the play (Black orbit), was presented on the stage of the National Theater, and the chapter was concluded. with a procedural definition. The second chapter (theoretical framework), included two chapters, the first of which dealt with deliberative conceptually. The second topic was titled “The Pragmatics of the Musical Text in the Theatrical Show.” The chapter concluded with the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework. As for the third chapter (research procedures), it included the presentation of the sample model (black orbit) and its analysis for reading and negotiating musical texts. The fourth chapter contains the results reached by the two researchers, the most important of which are: the act of circulation of the musical text across the sociocultural system and what falls under it of social and cultural heritage and a general climate is a reflection on the musical text through the contrast between the elements of the text (melody, instrument, rhythm, performance) with the elements of the surroundings The objective (the natural environment, societal culture, ideology), and this chapter also contained conclusions, recommendations, and proposals, then came the sources and references