Power Consumption Modeling and Analysis of Integrated Optical-Wireless Access Network

The integration of optical and wireless technologies at access networks are considered as a future solution which provide both high bandwidth and high mobility in an efficient way. GPON is a suitable candidate for optical backhaul due to the combination of higher data rates, greater split ratio and support for triple play services hence it offers maximum flexibility and cost advantages. On the other hand, recent developments of new radio access technologies and introduction of femtocell base stations provide the potential of offering broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhere. However, the power consumption of this network demands a particular attention because access networks are the largest contributor the network related electricity consumption. Therefore, in this paper we evaluate the power consumption of integrated optical-wireless access network which is based on independent ONU-BS architecture. We proposed a power consumption model for such network and the assessment has been done under different simulation scenarios. The constructed model will provide insight of the energy performance of the integrated access network so that in the network design process, focus can be done to the most energy saving strategies

Passively mode-locked laser using an entirely centred erbium-doped fiber

This paper describes the setup and experimental results for an entirely centred erbium-doped fiber laser with passively mode-locked output. The gain medium of the ring laser cavity configuration comprises a 3 m length of two-core optical fiber, wherein an undoped outer core region of 9.38 μm diameter surrounds a 4.00 μm diameter central core region doped with erbium ions at 400 ppm concentration. The generated stable soliton mode-locking output has a central wavelength of 1533 nm and pulses that yield an average output power of 0.33 mW with a pulse energy of 31.8 pJ. The pulse duration is 0.7 ps and the measured output repetition rate of 10.37 MHz corresponds to a 96.4 ns pulse spacing in the pulse train

Effects of fuel ratio on performance and emission of diesel-compressed natural gas (CNG) dual fuel engine

Recent research breakthrough reveals that diesel-CNG dual fuel (DDF) combustion can potentially reduce exhaust emission of internal combustion engines. However, problem arises when knock phenomenon occurs producing high carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emission due to uncontrolled blending ratio of diesel-CNG fuel on specific engine load. This study will determine the limit of dual fuel ratio before knock occurrence while analysing performance and exhaust emission of an engine operating with diesel and DDF fuel mode. A 2.5 litre 4-cylinder direct injection common-rail diesel engine was utilised as a test platform. The modelstested were 100% Diesel, 90% DDF, 80% DDF and 70% DDF, representing diesel to CNG mass ratio of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 respectively. It was found that DDF engine performance was lower compared to diesel engine at 1500 rpm engine speed. At higher engine speed, the 70% DDF showed engine performance comparable to diesel engine. However, high HC emission with knock onset and a decrease of Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) emission were recorded. This study suggests the preferred limit of dual fuel ratio should not be lower than 70% DDF which will be able to operate at high engine speed without the occurrence of knock and poor exhaust emission

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Loan to Funding Ratio at Commercial Banks Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange Year 2011 - 2016

The capital market is one of the long-term alternative funding options for companies, including companies in the banking sector.This study aims to identify and analyze the influence of Cap (Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Loan (NPL) and Operational Costs to Operating Income (BOPO) affecting Loan To Funding Ratio (LFR) as well as to know and analyze the factors that most influence on Loan To Funding Ratio (LFR) at Commercial Banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The type of research used in this study is quantitative approach. The quantitative approach bases the study of empirical rational principles. The quantitative approach bases the study of empirical rational principles. Therefore, before doing the research the researcher must find the problem and hypothesis to be tested based on the criteria specified and the analytical tool used multiple linear regression to know the relation of Capital Adequacy Ratio, Non Performing Loan (NPL), Operating Cost to Operational Revenue (BOPO) on financial performance is measured using the Loan to Funding Ratio (LFR) ratio. The result of the research shows that Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) has significant influence to Loan to Funding Ratio (LFR), Non Performing Loan (NPL) has significant effect to Loan to Funding Ratio (LFR), BOPO has no significant effect on Loan to Funding Ratio (LFR) at Commercial Commercial Banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. While Capital Adequacy Ratio, Non performing Loan and BOPO there is a simultaneous or simultaneous relationship to Loan to Funding Ratio (LFR) at Commercial Bank Commercial listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange  Keywords: Non performing Loan, BOPO, Loan to Funding Rati

Channel monitored channel duplexer for optimization of bidirectional passive optical network

Method of optimizing the optical network transmission in access network has been investigated in many years. Unidirectional optical transmission system is the earliest method of delivering the information. In recent years, bidirectional optical transmission system is the most popular network and shall be the first right of refusal to deploy nowadays. It is justify enough by the massive deployment of the popular state-of-the-art network named Passive Optical Network (PON) in Fiber To The Home (FTTH) technologies. Combining 3 wavelengths includes (1) 1310nm, (2) 1490nm, and (3) 1550nm within a fiber is the method used on Gigabit Capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) or Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GEPON/EPON). Combining 2 different wavelengths for uplink and downlink on Small Form Pluggable (SFP) lasers also has been a method used to optimized and saved the fiber infrastructure. Compared those techniques, the research optimization focusing on introducing a passive optical duplexer that combined the same wavelength from both end with the element of monitoring via different wavelength to confirm the network availability. In the design, a unidirectional converter able to operate at a nominal 1310nm or 1550nm windows shall be demonstrated up to 10Gbps Ethernet signal

PENGARUH LIKUIDITAS, LEVERAGE, DAN PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM (Studi empiris perusahaan food & beverages yang terdaftar di BEI Periode 2010-2014)

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini berjudul Pengaruh Likuiditas, Leverage, dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Harga Saham (Studi empiris perusahaan food & beverages yang terdaftar di BEI Periode 2010-2014). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui besarnya likuiditas, leverage, dan profitbilitas terhadap harga saham. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskiptif dan verikatif, metode analisis yang digunakan adalah uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi linier berganda, analisis korelasi parsial, dan analsis determinasi. Menguji hipotesis simultan melalui Uji F dan parsial melalui Uji t. Data penelitian ini merupakan data tahunan yang diperoleh dari Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Hasil analisis penelitian berdasarkan regresi linier berganda diperoleh bahwa likuiditas, leverage, dan profitabilitas secara bersama-sama mempunyai pengaruh siginifikan terhadap harga saham pada (Studi empiris perusahaan food & beverages yang terdaftar di BEI Periode 2010-2014). Secara parsial likuiditas, leverage, dan profitabilitas berpengaruh signifikan positif pada harga saham. Kata kunci : Likuiditas, Leverage, Profitabilitas, Harga Saham

Enhancing temperature sensitivity using cyclic polybutylene terephthalate- (c-PBT-) coated fiber bragg grating

A polybutylene terephthalate (c-PBT) coating for enhancing the temperature sensitivity of a fiber Bragg grating- (FBG-) based sensor is proposed and demonstrated. The coating is seen to increase the sensitivity of the proposed sensor by a factor of approximately 11 times as compared to a bare FBG, giving a Bragg wavelength shift of 0.11 nm/°C with an operating temperature ranging from 30°C to 87°C. The proposed sensor is also easy to fabricate as compared to other similarly coated FBG sensors, giving it a significant advantage for field applications with the added advantage of being easily reformed to fit various housings, making it highly desirable for multiple real-world applications

A development of optical network unit power consumption model considering traffic load effect

Accurate and precise measurement of energy consumption for the deployment of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network using Gigabit passive optical network (GPON) is vital to the research community to develop models for the synthesis of energy-efficient protocols and algorithms for the access network. However, lack of power consumption measurement of optical network devices in the past has led to unrealistic and/or oversimplified model being used in simulations. Usually the access network devices are assumed always on and their consumption is both traffic and time independent. Therefore, in this paper we propose an experimentally-driven approach to i) characterize the Optical Network Unit (ONU) from the power consumption standpoint and ii) develop more accurate power consumption model for the ONU. We focus on ONU since it represents the main contributor to the energy consumption of optical access network. The real data in terms of the power consumption and traffic load have been obtained from continuous measurements performed on a GPON network testbed. The measurement is limited to a maximum 100 Mbps data rate due to a limitation in the sampling rate and precision of the measurement device. However, validation has been done with theoretical power consumption model in order to prove the feasibility of the proposed model. Our measurements show that the power consumption of the ONU exhibits a linear dependence on the traffic in which the power consumption at idle mode is 11.51 W while in low power mode the power consumption is around 7.52 W

A simple load sensor based on a bent single-mode–multimode–single-mode fiber structure

A load sensor is demonstrated using a single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure, which is sandwiched between two CR-39 plastic polymer plates. A larger effective transverse strain can be achieved when the distance, D2, between the stage and the edge of the multimode fiber is larger. A higher sensitivity is obtained when D2 = 7 cm with a value of −0.0102 nm/mN, as compared to −0.0027 nm/mN when D2 = 3 cm. In contrast, an FBG integrated in a similar manner has shown an indiscernible change in the wavelength shift as compared to that produced by the SMS device. The result indicates that the proposed SMS device is suitable for sensing a small load or transverse strain with a reasonably high sensitivity