SYNTHESIS, SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES, AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 1-NAPHTHYL(1- METHYLETHYLIDENE)IMINIUM CHLORIDE

Condensation of 1-naphthylamine with acetone in the presence of Et3N·HCl as a catalyst gave the corresponding 1-naphthyl (1- methylethylidene) iminium chloride (1). The salt was identified and characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H and 13C NMR) and IR spectroscopy. In solution, the two methylenic hydrogens of the N-isopropyl moiety are anisochronous. This result was confirmed by the X-ray investigation of 1 in the solid state. 1 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, a = 10.8668(8)Å, b = 11.1758(9) Å, c = 18.8726(18)Å, α = γ = β = 90 °, Z = 8. The structure was solved by direct methods, and retined by full-matrix least squares techniques to an R factor of 0.0308 for 1874 observed reflections. In the crystal the 1-naphthyl (1-methylethylidene) iminium cation and chloride anion are linked by N–H···Cl hydrogen bond

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF N-(NAPHTHALENE- 1-YL)-P,P-DIPHENYLPHOSPHINOTHIOIC AMIDE

Refluxing of the C10H7-1-HNPPh2 with elemental sulfur in toluene (1:1 molar ratio) afforded C10H7-1-HNP(S)Ph2 (1). The crystal structure of 1 has been characterized by single X-ray diffraction method. 1 crystallized in the triclinic space group P-1, a = 9.986(5) Å, b = 10.306(5) Å, c = 10.837(5) Å, α = 66.350(5)°, β = 72.961(5)°, γ= 67.828(5)°, Z = 2. The structure was solved by direct methods, and refined by full-matrix least squares techniques to an R factor of 0.015 for 3538 observed reflections. In the crystal the Patom showed a distorted tetrahedral environment

Nonenzymatic Exogenous and Endogenous Antioxidants

Nonenzymatic exogenous and endogenous antioxidants play an important role in human health and act as preservatives for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products. This chapter will discuss the chemical structure and mechanism of action of the most important nonenzymatic small exogenous and endogenous organic molecules that act as antioxidants. The chapter will focus on the structural features, functional groups, properties, biosynthetic origin, and mechanism of action of such antioxidants. It also covers damages that free radicals create and the mechanisms by which they are neutralized by the various antioxidants. The scope of this chapter will be limited to nonenzymatic exogenous and endogenous antioxidants since enzymatic antioxidants have been discussed extensively in several reviews

KariaNet : knowledge access for rural interconnected people; a regional knowledge network for the near East and North Africa - devolution study

KariaNet: Knowledge Access for Rural Interconnected People: A Regional Knowledge Network for the Near East and North Africa was founded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in 2005 to enhance the effectiveness of development projects and programmes that serve the rural poor. KariaNet is in its second phase, with a primary focus on sharing knowledge and innovation to enable rural and agricultural development practitioners to improve the performance of projects across the region. Central to phase two is planning for the longer term sustainability of KariaNet. The “KariaNet Devolution Study” has had as its starting premises that a) KariaNet would no longer be hosted through the MENA regional office of IDRC after 2013, and b) that financial support from the founding partners would no longer be provided. The Study was therefore designed to: Secure evidence and consent for the future of KariaNet among the key stakeholders and participants in KariaNet, and Ensure that the knowledge and capacities that have been fostered by KariaNet have mechanisms for continuing to be developed in future, regardless of whether KariaNet itself, as currently constituted, continues..

Knowledge Access for Rural Interconnected Areas Network KariaNet : a self-assessment study - final report

Knowledge Access for Rural Interconnected Areas Network (KariaNet) was designed in 2003-2004 and implemented between 2005 and 2007. This report outlines activities and outcomes of the programme, including successes and challenges. The focus of future KariaNet programming should be centered on learning to improve performance and impact. For instance, networks should be made up of individual “champions” and organizations to enhance sustainability. Annex documents provide a detailed breakdown of activities, timelines, locations and other programming aspects

Antioxidant Activity: The Presence and Impact of Hydroxyl Groups in Small Molecules of Natural and Synthetic Origin

Polyhydroxylated natural phenolic compounds, especially those with low molecular weights, are characterized by their ability to eliminate free radicals as they act as strong antioxidants. The various types of phenolic compounds represent the most important natural antioxidants in addition to some vitamins. The chemical structures of these compounds is discussed in details with their action mechanisms to remove free radicals and prevent many incurable and malignant diseases. In addition to these natural compounds, the last two decades have witnessed increased attempts by many scientific groups and research centers to synthesize chemical compounds in large quantities to mimic these natural compounds, but at a lower cost and greater biological effectiveness. Herein, we conduct a chemical survey of relevant synthetic compounds containing the hydroxyl groups prepared in chemical laboratories and studied for their biological efficacies, such as their effectiveness as antioxidants, as well as the mechanism of elimination of free radicals

Dynamique non linéaire d'un oscillateur à mémoire de forme

Nous étudions les réponses forcées d'un oscillateur reproduisant le comportement pseudo-élastique d'un alliage à mémoire de forme. Le modèle est dérivé d'une loi de comportement tridimensionnelle prenant en compte les couplages entre la thermique, la mécanique et les changments de phase solide-solide du matériau. Les réponses forcées montrent un comportement assouplissant dès que la transformation martensitique est activée, ainsi que l'existence de zones chaotiques. Nous présenterons aussi des comparaisons calcul/essai réalisées sur des fils en torsion

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of 1,3-Disubstituted-4-thioxoimidazolidin-2-one Derivatives

1,3-Disubstituted-4-thioxoimidazolidin-2-one derivatives with various substituents at N1 and N3 were synthesized with high yields and excellent purity by the reaction of various N-arylcyanothioformamide derivatives with isocyanate derivatives. The activity of these products as antibacterial and antifungal agents was studied to through some light on structural activity relationship. Some of synthesized compounds showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Most of the imidazole derivatives possess significant antifungal activity aginst S. cerevisiae (MIC 1–10 µg mL–1). As comparision with ketoconazole, most of the imidazole derivatives showed activity ranging from 50 % less activity to fourfold activity. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations Associated with First-Line Stavudine-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy: Programmatic Implications for Countries Phasing Out Stavudine

Background The World Health Organization Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines recommend phasing-out stavudine because of its risk of long-term toxicity. There are two mutational pathways of stavudine resistance with different implications for zidovudine and tenofovir cross-resistance, the primary candidates for replacing stavudine. However, because resistance testing is rarely available in resource-limited settings, it is critical to identify the cross-resistance patterns associated with first-line stavudine failure. Methods We analyzed HIV-1 resistance mutations following first-line stavudine failure from 35 publications comprising 1,825 individuals. We also assessed the influence of concomitant nevirapine vs. efavirenz, therapy duration, and HIV-1 subtype on the proportions of mutations associated with zidovudine vs. tenofovir cross-resistance. Results Mutations with preferential zidovudine activity, K65R or K70E, occurred in 5.3% of individuals. Mutations with preferential tenofovir activity, ≥two thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) or Q151M, occurred in 22% of individuals. Nevirapine increased the risk of TAMs, K65R, and Q151M. Longer therapy increased the risk of TAMs and Q151M but not K65R. Subtype C and CRF01_AE increased the risk of K65R, but only CRF01_AE increased the risk of K65R without Q151M. Conclusions Regardless of concomitant nevirapine vs. efavirenz, therapy duration, or subtype, tenofovir was more likely than zidovudine to retain antiviral activity following first-line d4T therap

It is time to define an organizational model for the prevention and management of infections along the surgical pathway : a worldwide cross-sectional survey

Background The objectives of the study were to investigate the organizational characteristics of acute care facilities worldwide in preventing and managing infections in surgery; assess participants' perception regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, antibiotic prescribing practices, and source control; describe awareness about the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and IPC measures; and determine the role of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic on said awareness. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted contacting 1432 health care workers (HCWs) belonging to a mailing list provided by the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery. The self-administered questionnaire was developed by a multidisciplinary team. The survey was open from May 22, 2021, and June 22, 2021. Three reminders were sent, after 7, 14, and 21 days. Results Three hundred four respondents from 72 countries returned a questionnaire, with an overall response rate of 21.2%. Respectively, 90.4% and 68.8% of participants stated their hospital had a multidisciplinary IPC team or a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship team. Local protocols for antimicrobial therapy of surgical infections and protocols for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis were present in 76.6% and 90.8% of hospitals, respectively. In 23.4% and 24.0% of hospitals no surveillance systems for surgical site infections and no monitoring systems of used antimicrobials were implemented. Patient and family involvement in IPC management was considered to be slightly or not important in their hospital by the majority of respondents (65.1%). Awareness of the global burden of AMR among HCWs was considered very important or important by 54.6% of participants. The COVID-19 pandemic was considered by 80.3% of respondents as a very important or important factor in raising HCWs awareness of the IPC programs in their hospital. Based on the survey results, the authors developed 15 statements for several questions regarding the prevention and management of infections in surgery. The statements may be the starting point for designing future evidence-based recommendations. Conclusion Adequacy of prevention and management of infections in acute care facilities depends on HCWs behaviours and on the organizational characteristics of acute health care facilities to support best practices and promote behavioural change. Patient involvement in the implementation of IPC is still little considered. A debate on how operationalising a fundamental change to IPC, from being solely the HCWs responsibility to one that involves a collaborative relationship between HCWs and patients, should be opened.Peer reviewe