Aplicación del método de Rietveld al análisis mineralógico cuantitativo de algunas muestras de suelos de la Argentina

The mineralogical quantification of soils species is mainly obtained by analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The classic method, for these analyses, is limited to semi quantitative determinations due to the overlapping of different specie’s peaks and processes of absorption of the constituents, the wide range of particle size distribution, etc. The use of the Rietveld method for XRD quantitative analysis, in mixtures of minerals, has allowed to improve the accuracy of the quantitative results and to extend it to complex systems, as soils, transforming it in a meaningful tool for soils investigation. In this work, quantitative results obtained by the application of classic and Rietveld methods, are compared in different soils samples from Argentina. A set of mixtures of minerals with similar composition to three studied samples, was also quantified by Rietveld method, with absolute error lower than 3%. Obtained results indicate that quantitative analysis by Rietveld method, can improve the results found by XRD classic method and may be used for the quantitative determination of soil minerals.La cuantificación mineralógica de componentes del suelo es obtenida principalmente por análisis de espectros de difracción de rayos X (DRX). El método clásico aplicado para dicho análisis está limitado a determinaciones semi-cuantitativas debido a la superposición de picos de las distintas especies y procesos de absorción de los constituyentes, el amplio rango de distribución de tamaño de partícula, etc. El uso del método de Rietveld para el análisis cuantitativo por DRX, en mezclas de minerales, ha permitido mejorar la exactitud de los resultados cuantitativos y extenderlo a sistemas complejos, como lo son los suelos, transformándose en una herramienta significativa para su investigación. En este trabajo se comparan los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos por la aplicación del método clásico y de Rietveld, a diferentes muestras de suelos de la Argentina. Un grupo de mezclas de minerales con composición similar a tres de los suelos estudiados, también se cuantificó por el método de Rietveld, obteniéndose un error absoluto menor al 3%. Los resultados indican que el análisis cuantitativo por el método de Rietveld, mejoran los resultados obtenidos por el método clásico de DRX y puede ser usado para la determinación cuantitativa de los minerales presentes en suelos.Centro de Tecnología de Recursos Minerales y CerámicaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Miradas desde la historia social y la historia intelectual: América Latina en sus culturas: de los procesos independistas a la globalización

Fil: Benito Moya, Silvano G. A. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades; Argentina.Fil: Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades; Argentina

The Rietveld method applied to the quantitative mineralogical analysis of some soil samples from Argentina Aplicación del método de Rietveld al análisis mineral��gico cuantitativo de algunas muestras de suelos de la Argentina

The mineralogical quantification of soils species is mainly obtained by analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The classic method, for these analyses, is limited to semi quantitative determinations due to the overlapping of different specie's peaks and processes of absorption of the constituents, the wide range of particle size distribution, etc. The use of the Rietveld method for XRD quantitative analysis, in mixtures of minerals, has allowed to improve the accuracy of the quantitative results and to extend it to complex systems, as soils, transforming it in a meaningful tool for soils investigation. In this work, quantitative results obtained by the application of classic and Rietveld methods, are compared in different soils samples from Argentina. A set of mixtures of minerals with similar composition to three studied samples, was also quantified by Rietveld method, with absolute error lower than 3%. Obtained results indicate that quantitative analysis by Rietveld method, can improve the results found by XRD classic method and may be used for the quantitative determination of soil minerals.La cuantificación mineralógica de componentes del suelo es obtenida principalmente por análisis de espectros de difracción de rayos X (DRX). El método clásico aplicado para dicho análisis está limitado a determinaciones semi-cuantitativas debido a la superposición de picos de las distintas especies y procesos de absorción de los constituyentes, el amplio rango de distribución de tamaño de partícula, etc. El uso del método de Rietveld para el análisis cuantitativo por DRX, en mezclas de minerales, ha permitido mejorar la exactitud de los resultados cuantitativos y extenderlo a sistemas complejos, como lo son los suelos, transformándose en una herramienta significativa para su investigación. En este trabajo se comparan los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos por la aplicación del método clásico y de Rietveld, a diferentes muestras de suelos de la Argentina. Un grupo de mezclas de minerales con composición similar a tres de los suelos estudiados, también se cuantificó por el método de Rietveld, obteniéndose un error absoluto menor al 3%. Los resultados indican que el análisis cuantitativo por el método de Rietveld, mejoran los resultados obtenidos por el método clásico de DRX y puede ser usado para la determinación cuantitativa de los minerales presentes en suelos

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield response to water distribution with subsurface and superficial drip irrigation, grown under greenhouse

Para evaluar la respuesta del tomate cultivado bajo cubierta al riego por goteo superficial y subterráneo, se propusieron 3 tratamientos: T1) goteo subterráneo a 12,5 cm de profundidad, T2) goteo subterráneo a 25 cm de profundidad y T3) goteo superficial, regados por dos cintas Aqua-TraXX espaciadas 20 cm, con emisores cada 0,2 m. Se registró la humedad volumétrica Wv dentro del camellón con sensores instalados a 5; 10; 20 y 30 cm de profundidad y a 0, 15 y 30 cm de distancia al lomo. Se analizó la variancia factorial general de los datos y aplicaron técnicas de comparación múltiple de medias observadas a posteriori, de Tukey y Bonferroni. Bajo un diseño estadístico enteramente al azar con 10 repeticiones, se registraron el peso y número de tomates por planta y el peso medio de frutos, analizando la varianza y comparando los promedios con Tukey para rendimiento y peso medio de fruto, y con prueba no paramétrica de Kruskall Wallis para número de frutos. La distribución de la Wv fue significativamente diferente entre tratamientos, T2 generó el mayor volumen de bulbo húmedo con Wv óptima, superando un 72% a T3 y un 40% a T1. El rendimiento de tomates por planta de T2 se diferenció significativamente de T3, atribuible al incremento del peso medio de frutos, sin observarse diferencias significativas en el número de frutos por planta, aunque clasificados por categorías comerciales, T2 obtuvo un 79% de tomates de primera, seguido por T1 (61,5%) y T3 (56,6%). Resultaron altamente correlacionados los rendimientos totales y pesos medios de tomates con las profundidades de goteo.To evaluate the tomato yield response to surface and subsurface drip irrigation were proposed 3 treatments: T1) subsurface drip 12.5 cm depth, T2) subsurface drip 25 cm depth and T3) surface drip, all irrigated with two tapes Aqua- Traxx spaced 20 cm each, with emitters every 0.2 m. The volumetric soil moisture Wv was measured with sensors installed at 5, 10, 20 and 30 cm deep and at 0, 15 and 30 cm from the spine. We analyzed the general factorial variance of the data and we applied multiple comparison of means after observed with Tukey and Bonferroni techniques. Under a completely randomized statistical design with 10 repetitions, recorded the weight and number of tomatoes per plant and average weight of fruit, analyzing and comparing the average variance with Tukey for yield and mean fruit weight and nonparametric Kruskall Wallis test for number of fruits. The Wv distribution differ significantly between treatments, T2 generated the largest volume of wet bulb with optimal Wv, surpassing by 72% and 40% T3 to T1, respectively. The tomatoes yield per plant differed significantly from T2 to T3, attributable to increased average weight of fruit, no significant differences in the total number of fruits per plant, although classified by trade categories, T2 was 79% of tomatoes first, followed by T1 (61.5%) and T3 (56.6%). Were highly correlated the total yield and average weights of tomatoes with the drip depths and wet bulbs.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield response to water distribution with subsurface and superficial drip irrigation, grown under greenhouse

Para evaluar la respuesta del tomate cultivado bajo cubierta al riego por goteo superficial y subterráneo, se propusieron 3 tratamientos: T1) goteo subterráneo a 12,5 cm de profundidad, T2) goteo subterráneo a 25 cm de profundidad y T3) goteo superficial, regados por dos cintas Aqua-TraXX espaciadas 20 cm, con emisores cada 0,2 m. Se registró la humedad volumétrica Wv dentro del camellón con sensores instalados a 5; 10; 20 y 30 cm de profundidad y a 0, 15 y 30 cm de distancia al lomo. Se analizó la variancia factorial general de los datos y aplicaron técnicas de comparación múltiple de medias observadas a posteriori, de Tukey y Bonferroni. Bajo un diseño estadístico enteramente al azar con 10 repeticiones, se registraron el peso y número de tomates por planta y el peso medio de frutos, analizando la varianza y comparando los promedios con Tukey para rendimiento y peso medio de fruto, y con prueba no paramétrica de Kruskall Wallis para número de frutos. La distribución de la Wv fue significativamente diferente entre tratamientos, T2 generó el mayor volumen de bulbo húmedo con Wv óptima, superando un 72% a T3 y un 40% a T1. El rendimiento de tomates por planta de T2 se diferenció significativamente de T3, atribuible al incremento del peso medio de frutos, sin observarse diferencias significativas en el número de frutos por planta, aunque clasificados por categorías comerciales, T2 obtuvo un 79% de tomates de primera, seguido por T1 (61,5%) y T3 (56,6%). Resultaron altamente correlacionados los rendimientos totales y pesos medios de tomates con las profundidades de goteo.To evaluate the tomato yield response to surface and subsurface drip irrigation were proposed 3 treatments: T1) subsurface drip 12.5 cm depth, T2) subsurface drip 25 cm depth and T3) surface drip, all irrigated with two tapes Aqua- Traxx spaced 20 cm each, with emitters every 0.2 m. The volumetric soil moisture Wv was measured with sensors installed at 5, 10, 20 and 30 cm deep and at 0, 15 and 30 cm from the spine. We analyzed the general factorial variance of the data and we applied multiple comparison of means after observed with Tukey and Bonferroni techniques. Under a completely randomized statistical design with 10 repetitions, recorded the weight and number of tomatoes per plant and average weight of fruit, analyzing and comparing the average variance with Tukey for yield and mean fruit weight and nonparametric Kruskall Wallis test for number of fruits. The Wv distribution differ significantly between treatments, T2 generated the largest volume of wet bulb with optimal Wv, surpassing by 72% and 40% T3 to T1, respectively. The tomatoes yield per plant differed significantly from T2 to T3, attributable to increased average weight of fruit, no significant differences in the total number of fruits per plant, although classified by trade categories, T2 was 79% of tomatoes first, followed by T1 (61.5%) and T3 (56.6%). Were highly correlated the total yield and average weights of tomatoes with the drip depths and wet bulbs.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield response to water distribution with subsurface and superficial drip irrigation, grown under greenhouse

Para evaluar la respuesta del tomate cultivado bajo cubierta al riego por goteo superficial y subterráneo, se propusieron 3 tratamientos: T1) goteo subterráneo a 12,5 cm de profundidad, T2) goteo subterráneo a 25 cm de profundidad y T3) goteo superficial, regados por dos cintas Aqua-TraXX espaciadas 20 cm, con emisores cada 0,2 m. Se registró la humedad volumétrica Wv dentro del camellón con sensores instalados a 5; 10; 20 y 30 cm de profundidad y a 0, 15 y 30 cm de distancia al lomo. Se analizó la variancia factorial general de los datos y aplicaron técnicas de comparación múltiple de medias observadas a posteriori, de Tukey y Bonferroni. Bajo un diseño estadístico enteramente al azar con 10 repeticiones, se registraron el peso y número de tomates por planta y el peso medio de frutos, analizando la varianza y comparando los promedios con Tukey para rendimiento y peso medio de fruto, y con prueba no paramétrica de Kruskall Wallis para número de frutos. La distribución de la Wv fue significativamente diferente entre tratamientos, T2 generó el mayor volumen de bulbo húmedo con Wv óptima, superando un 72% a T3 y un 40% a T1. El rendimiento de tomates por planta de T2 se diferenció significativamente de T3, atribuible al incremento del peso medio de frutos, sin observarse diferencias significativas en el número de frutos por planta, aunque clasificados por categorías comerciales, T2 obtuvo un 79% de tomates de primera, seguido por T1 (61,5%) y T3 (56,6%). Resultaron altamente correlacionados los rendimientos totales y pesos medios de tomates con las profundidades de goteo.To evaluate the tomato yield response to surface and subsurface drip irrigation were proposed 3 treatments: T1) subsurface drip 12.5 cm depth, T2) subsurface drip 25 cm depth and T3) surface drip, all irrigated with two tapes Aqua- Traxx spaced 20 cm each, with emitters every 0.2 m. The volumetric soil moisture Wv was measured with sensors installed at 5, 10, 20 and 30 cm deep and at 0, 15 and 30 cm from the spine. We analyzed the general factorial variance of the data and we applied multiple comparison of means after observed with Tukey and Bonferroni techniques. Under a completely randomized statistical design with 10 repetitions, recorded the weight and number of tomatoes per plant and average weight of fruit, analyzing and comparing the average variance with Tukey for yield and mean fruit weight and nonparametric Kruskall Wallis test for number of fruits. The Wv distribution differ significantly between treatments, T2 generated the largest volume of wet bulb with optimal Wv, surpassing by 72% and 40% T3 to T1, respectively. The tomatoes yield per plant differed significantly from T2 to T3, attributable to increased average weight of fruit, no significant differences in the total number of fruits per plant, although classified by trade categories, T2 was 79% of tomatoes first, followed by T1 (61.5%) and T3 (56.6%). Were highly correlated the total yield and average weights of tomatoes with the drip depths and wet bulbs.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Unveiling pathways for the fissure among secessionists and unionists in Catalonia: identities, family language, and media influence

Catalonian secessionism acquired prominence from 2010 onwards. During the last decade secessionist parties won three regional elections and sustained Governments by tiny majorities at the Autonomous Parliament. Two illegal consultations about self-determination were called and around 2 million (38% of population census) supported secession from Spain. An “Independence Declaration” was proclaimed on 27th Oct. 2017, followed by suspension of Home Rule sanctioned by Spanish Parliament that endured till mid-2018. The main consequence of the secessionist push was the build-up of a confrontation between two large segments of Catalan citizenry, unionists and secessionists, which was absent before. This study aims to shed light on the rise of secessionism and the appearance of a deep fissure between these communities. By building upon the complete series of data from iterated official polls (88.538 respondents, 45 surveys), the paper displays the evolving changes along the period 2006–2019 of national identity feelings (“sense of belonging”). Along that period, there were increases exceeding 15 percentage points of “only Catalan” national identity and analogous decreases of "equally Catalan and Spanish" dual national identity. The findings disclosed highly significant covariations between changing trends on national identity feelings with: (1) family/mother language, Catalan vs. Spanish; (2) following regional media versus other media. Since language/ascendancy origins and media consumption trends are closely interrelated, within Catalonia, our discussion focuses on the role played by such ethno-cultural cleavage. Further, statistical analysis for longitudinal data identified several turning points linked to singular political events that likely accentuated polarization around the issue of secession. The findings unveil evolving tracks that could help in the understanding of a process that, in a very short time, produced a severe social division within a fully open and democratic society at the heart of Europe.Damián Gil M.D. provided the first script that permitted to build the database of the full series of CEO Barometers. OEC Group members provided lively discussions with suggestions that improved and helped to focus the present research. A.T. work was partially supported by AFOSR-MINERVA FA9550-18-0496 Grant and Bial Foundation Grant 163/14.Damián Gil M.D. provided the first script that permitted to build the database of the full series of CEO Barometers. OEC Group members provided lively discussions with suggestions that improved and helped to focus the present research. A.T. work was partially supported by AFOSR-MINERVA FA9550-18-0496 Grant and Bial Foundation Grant 163/14

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field