ESTUDO EM LABORATÓRIO DE ALTERAÇÃO DE BASALTO: ENSAIOS DE CICLAGEM ÁGUA - ESTUFA: Basalt alteration laboratory study: wetting-drying test

Among the numerous applications that rock materials have in engineering is their use as a coarse and fine aggregate in the most different types of infrastructure works, in this context, knowledge of the changing characteristics of rock materials is essential for prevention and maintenance for anyone who be your applications. This work presents the results obtained in a laboratory study with a view to evaluating the alteration of two samples of aggregates of compact massive basalt (BMC) and vesicular basalt (BVA), in the 9.5 to 6.3 mm particle size range, by means of dry-wet cycling tests with evaluation of the degree of alteration based on physical index tests (apparent specific gravity, apparent porosity and absorption water) and the crushing strength test. The results of the physical indices showed values for apparent specific gravity (BMC: 2.85 g/cm³ - BVA: 2.61 g/cm³), apparent porosity (BMC: 7.51 - BVA: 9.59%) and absorbed water ( BMC: 2.67- BVA: 3.59%) which indicate low predisposition to alteration. The crushing strength index for the two lithotypes after the dry-wet cycling tests is in the order of 0.73. According to the results obtained, the aggregates of the two lithotypes present adequate characteristics for their use as aggregates in engineering works.Dentre as inúmeras aplicações dos materiais rochosos na engenharia, está seu uso como agregado graúdo e miúdo nos mais diferentes tipos de obras de infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, o conhecimento das características de alteração dos materiais rochosos é essencial para prevenção e manutenção para quaisquer que sejam suas aplicações. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos em estudo laboratorial com vista à avaliação da alteração de duas amostras de agregados de basalto maciço compacto (BMC) e basalto vesicular (BVA), na faixa granulométrica de 9,5 a 6,3 mm, por meio de ensaios de ciclagem acelerada do tipo água-estufa com avaliação do grau de alteração a partir dos ensaios de índices físicos (densidade aparente, porosidade aparente e água de absorção) e do ensaio de resistência ao esmagamento. Os resultados dos índices físicos apresentaram valores para densidade aparente (BMC: 2,85 g/cm³ - BVA: 2,61 g/cm³), porosidade aparente (BMC: 7,51 - BVA: 9,59%) e água absorvida (BMC: 2,67- BVA: 3,59%) que indicam baixa predisposição à alteração. O índice de resistência ao esmagamento para os dois litotipos após o ensaio de ciclagem água-estufa é da ordem de 0,73. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os agregados dos dois litotipos apresentam características adequadas para seu uso como agregados em obras de engenharia

Sorption aspects for unconsolidated materials of the São Carlos region (SP), Brazil

O transporte de poluentes líquidos e gasosos, em meios geológicos porosos, depende das características físicas e químicas dos materiais inconsolidados, rochas, águas, assim como das características dos poluentes. Entre essas características, os aspectos da sorção têm importância fundamental e são função da mineralogia e respectivas proporções, pH, Eh e das características dos vazios. Na região de São Carlos, centro leste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, ocorrem 2 tipos de materiais inconsolidados, sendo um residual dos arenitos com cimento constituído de finos e, secundariamente, argilitos, siltitos e conglomerados da Formação Itaqueri, de idade cretácea, e outro sedimento arenoso de idade terciária. Esses materiais geológicos constituem as bases de muitos locais onde são lançados produtos químicos, caracterizados como fontes de poluição difusa ou pontual, e, por este motivo, foi desenvolvido um estudo para avaliá-los quanto aos aspectos de sorção para alguns cátions inorgânicos que são freqüentes nessas fontes, em concentrações variadas. Para tal, foram caracterizados ainda quanto ao peso específico dos sólidos, granulometria, mineralogia e índices físico-químicos. Para avaliar os aspectos de sorção, foram desenvolvidos ensaios de equilíbrio em lote (Batch Test), utilizando soluções químicas de KCl, ZnCl2 e CuCl.H2O, considerando três valores de pH para as soluções constituídas pelos materiais inconsolidados e as espécies químicas, assim como a mistura das três soluções.The transport of liquid and gaseous pollutants through porous geological media depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the unconsolidated material, rocks and water, associated with the characteristics of the pollutants. Of these characteristics, the sorption aspect is of fundamental importance and is a function of the mineral proportions, pH, Eh and void aspects encountered in the porous media. In the São Carlos region, located in the eastern-central part of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, there are basically two types of unconsolidated materials: the first is a residual from sandstones cemented with fines and the secondarily composed of claystones, siltstones and conglomerates from the Cretaceous Period that constitute the Itaqueri Formation; the second is a sandy sediment of the Tertiary Period. These geological conditions are found in areas where chemical products are disposed of, characterized as either diffuse or point pollutions sources. Because of this situation, a study was developed to evaluate the sorption aspects of some inorganic cations that are frequently found in these sources, in varied concentrations. Taken into consideration were their physical/chemical properties, such as: specific weight, grain size, mineralogy, cationic exchange capacity, pH, hydraulic conductivity. Batch tests were run using solutions of KCl, ZnCl2 and CuCl.H2O at three different pH values, and then with a combined solution (KCl + ZnCl2 + CuCl.H2O), also at three different pH values

ESTUDO DE MEIO REATIVO PARA BARREIRAS REATIVAS PERMEÁVEIS (BRP): ENSAIOS LABORATORIAIS: Study of reactive medium for permeable reactive barriers (PRB): laboratory experiments

This study presents results of laboratory studies to evaluate the assessment of zeolites as a reactive medium of Permeable Reactive Barriers (BRPs) in 3 particle size ranges (4.0x10-4 a 1.0x10-3 m, 1.0x10-3 a 2.0x10-3 m e 1.0x10-3 a 3.0x10-3 m). Studies were developed through physical, chemical, mineralogical, permeability and sorption characterization. The characterized zeolite is Clinoptilolite species, with specific weight of the solids of 22.87 kN/m3, Si/Al ratio of 6.8 and cation exchange capacity of 180 cmolc/kg. The different volumetric arrangements of the particles generated values ​​of dry bulk density ranging from 10.01 to 11.00 kN/m3 and saturated hydraulic conductivities from 1x10-5 to 3x10-4 m/s, which result in arrangements compatible with different geological media. In terms of sorption, Langmuir isotherm adjust with r2 of 0.997 and for the adsorption kinetics, the behavior occurs through the sharing of electrons between zeolite and solute, with first order reaction coefficients ranging from 0.06 to 0.4 h-1 depending on the time of percolation. The results show that the zeolites in the studied particle size ranges are suitable for use as a reactive BRP medium in economically viable thicknesses for contaminated areas inserted in geological materials related to the Botucatu Formation.Esse manuscrito apresenta resultados de estudos laboratoriais para avaliar a adequabilidade de zeólitas como meio reativo de Barreiras Reativas Permeáveis (BRPs), em 3 faixas granulométricas (4,0x10-4 a 1,0x10-3 m, 1,0x10-3 a 2,0x10-3 m e 1,0x10-3 a 3,0x10-3 m). Estudos foram desenvolvidos por meio da caracterização física, química, mineralógica, permeabilidade e de sorção. A zeólita caracterizada é da espécie Clinoptilolita, com peso específico dos sólidos de 22,87 kN/m3, razão Si/Al de 6,8 e capacidade de troca catiônica de 180 cmolc/kg. Os diferentes arranjos volumétricos das partículas geraram valores de peso específico aparente seco de 10,01 a 11,00 kN/m3 e condutividades hidráulica saturada de 1x10-5 a 3x10-4 m/s, o que compatibiliza os arranjos com diferentes meios geológicos. Em termos de sorção, a isoterma do tipo Langmuir ajusta com r2 de 0,997 e, quanto a cinética de adsorção, o comportamento ocorre por meio do compartilhamento de elétrons entre zeólita e soluto, com coeficientes de reação de primeira ordem variando de 0,06 a 0,4h-1 em função do tempo de percolação. Os resultados mostram que as zeólitas nas faixas granulométricas estudadas são adequadas para uso como meio reativo de BRP em espessuras economicamente viáveis para áreas contaminadas inseridas em materiais geológicos relativos à Formação Botucatu

Estudo da recuperação de áreas degradadas por erosão no Município de Franca, São Paulo, Brasil

O presente trabalho trata do estudo realizado em sete áreas degradadas por processos erosivos, no município de Franca, Estado deSão Paulo, Brasil; que foram recuperadas através da adoção diferentes medidas. Seu desenvolvimento seguiu uma série de etapas,sendo a primeira a identificação das áreas degradadas, seguida da avaliação temporal e espacial do processo erosivo, e dacaracterização geológico-geotécnica. Em sequência, foram realizados trabalhos de campo, com o objetivo principal de identificaras medidas de recuperação implantadas em cada área, e também de avaliar seu desempenho. Finalmente, foi realizada umaanálise conjunta de todas as informações obtidas, buscando-se avaliar a adequação das técnicas utilizadas, assim como suaeficiência. Pode-se concluir através desse trabalho que, apesar da melhora nos cenários de degradação avaliados, vários problemasocorreram associados às técnicas de recuperação, sendo estes consequentes da não consideração de informações geológicas,geotécnicas, ambientais e até mesmo sociais

Avaliação de alterações na compactação de solos por usos e manejo agrícolas por meio de ensaio dinâmico de penetração

O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo sobre compactação do solo sob uso agrícola na Bacia do Ribeirão do Pinheirinho, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizaram-se ensaios de resistência do solo a penetração com um penetrômetro dinâmico em diversos pontos da área de estudo, verificando-se, na maioria dos casos, elevados valores de resistência à penetração, sobretudo nos 20-40 cm superficiais. Em decorrência do tráfego de veículos e máquinas, as estradas secundárias e carreadores apresentaram valores de resistência mais elevados que os encontrados nas áreas de cultivo,  condicionando o desenvolvimento de processos erosivos em decorrência da geração de alto escoamento superficial. Tanto o uso agrícola intensivo na bacia quanto as características dos materiais geológicos podem ser apontadas como os fatores principais para o processo de compactação do solo verificado na bacia, bem como outros cenários decorrentes da degradação ambiental, como feições erosivas e alteração da dinâmica de águas superficiais e subsuperficiais

ANÁLISE EXPERIMENTAL E VALIDAÇÃO DE CURVAS BIMODAIS DE RETENÇÃO DE ÁGUA NO SOLO PARA SOLOS ARENO-ARGILOSOS RESIDUAIS DA FORMAÇÃO ITAQUERI EM SÃO CARLOS – SP : Experimental analysis and validation of bimodal water retention curves in the soil for residual sandy clay soils of the Itaqueri Formation in São Carlos - SP

This experimental study offers parameters to validate and adjust four models of soil water retention curve (SWRC) present in the literature. The experiment was performed in the soil of the campus of the Federal University of São Carlos, State of São Paulo, using tensiometers to monitor soil matrix suction and water content at different depths. Soil samples were collected to build the SWRCs using three Whatman No. 42 filter paper calibration techniques to obtain the matrix suction by soil moisture ratio. The SWRC models were used to adjust the water content values according to the bimodal SWRC proposal. The experiment was validated in the laboratory by measuring the moisture of the samples at each depth, obtained at different dates, and then correlating them with the respective suction pressure values obtained at the time of sampling. Van Genuchten's Bourdine-restricted SWRC model and filter paper from Oliveira and Marinho obtained the best fit in representing the water dynamics in the profile in terms of the global coefficients: R², Nash-Sutcliffe, EAPM and RMSE.Esse estudo experimental oferece parâmetros para validar e ajustar quatro modelos de curva de retenção da água no solo (CRA) presentes na literatura. O experimento foi realizado no solo do campus da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Estado de São Paulo, utilizou-se tensiômetros para monitorar a sucção matricial do solo e o conteúdo de água em diferentes profundidades. Amostras de solo foram coletadas para construir as CRAs por meio de três técnicas de calibração de papel filtro Whatman n°42 e assim obter a relação sucção matricial por umidade do solo. Os modelos de CRA foram utilizados para ajustar os valores de teor de água segundo a proposta de CRA bimodais. O experimento foi validado em laboratório medindo-se a umidade das amostras em cada profundidade, obtidas em datas diferentes e então correlaciona-las com os respectivos valores de pressão de sucção obtidas no instante de cada amostragem. O modelo de CRA de Van Genuchten com restrição de Bourdine e calibração de papel filtro de Oliveira e Marinho foi o que obteve melhor ajuste na representação da dinâmica da água no perfil em termos dos coeficientes globais: R², Nash-Sutcliffe, EAPM e RMSE

Scale effect on hydraulic conductivity and solute transport: Small and large-scale laboratory experiments and field experiments

[EN] Hydraulic conductivity (K), dispersivity (alpha) and partition coefficient (K-d) can change according to the measurement support (scale) and that is referred to as scale effect. However, there is no clear consensus about the behavior of these parameters with the change in the scale. Comparison between results obtained in different support of measurements in the field and in the laboratory can promote the discussion about scale effects on K, alpha, and K-d, and contribute to understanding how these parameters behave with the change in the scale of measurement, the main objectives of the present paper. Small and large-scale laboratory tests using undisturbed soil samples and field experiments at different scales were performed. Results show that for the same measurement condition, K, alpha, and K-d increase with scale in all studied magnitudes. Caution should be taken when using K, alpha, and K-d values in numerical models with no concern about the scale effect. The lack of consideration of the difference of scale between field and laboratory measurements and numerical model may compromise the reliability of the predictions and misrepresent the responses.The authors thank the financial support by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Project 401441/2014-8). The doctoral fellowship awarded to the first author by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) is gratefully acknowledged. The first author also thanks the international mobility grant awarded by CNPq, through the Science Without Borders program (grant number: 200597/2015-9), and the international mobility grant awarded by Santander Mobility in cooperation with the University of Sao Paulo.Almeida De-Godoy, V.; Zuquette, L.; Gómez-Hernández, JJ. (2018). Scale effect on hydraulic conductivity and solute transport: Small and large-scale laboratory experiments and field experiments. Engineering Geology. 243:196-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.06.020S19620524

Stochastic analysis of three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity upscaling in a heterogeneous tropical soil

[EN] Hydraulic conductivity (K) heterogeneity is seldom considered in geotechnical practice for the impossibility of sampling the entire area of interest and for the difficulty of accounting for scale effects. Stochastic three-dimensional K upscaling can tackle these two problems, and a workflow is described with an application in a tropical soil. The application shows that K heterogeneity can be incorporated in the daily practice of the geotechnical modeler while discussing the aspects to consider when performing the upscaling so that the upscaled models reproduce the average fluxes at the fine scale.The authors thank the financial support by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Project 401441/2014-8). The doctoral fellowship award to the first author by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) is gratefully acknowledged. The first author thanks the International Mobility Grant awarded by CNPq (200597/2015-9) and Santander mobility. The authors also thank DHI-WASI for providing a FEFLOW Software license.Almeida De-Godoy, V.; Zuquette, L.; Gómez-Hernández, JJ. (2018). Stochastic analysis of three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity upscaling in a heterogeneous tropical soil. Computers and Geotechnics. 100:174-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.03.004S17418710

Stochastic upscaling of hydrodynamic dispersion and retardation factor in a physically and chemically heterogeneous tropical soil

[EN] Stochastic upscaling of flow and reactive solute transport in a tropical soil is performed using real data collected in the laboratory. Upscaling of hydraulic conductivity, longitudinal hydrodynamic dispersion, and retardation factor were done using three different approaches of varying complexity. How uncertainty propagates after upscaling was also studied. The results show that upscaling must be taken into account if a good reproduction of the flow and transport behavior of a given soil is to be attained when modeled at larger than laboratory scales. The results also show that arrival time uncertainty was well reproduced after solute transport upscaling. This work represents a first demonstration of flow and reactive transport upscaling in a soil based on laboratory data. It also shows how simple upscaling methods can be incorporated into daily modeling practice using commercial flow and transport codes.The authors thank the financial support by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Project 401441/2014-8). The doctoral fellowship award to the first author by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) is acknowledged. The first author also thanks the international mobility grant awarded by CNPq, through the Sciences Without Borders program (Grant Number: 200597/2015-9). The international mobility grant awarded by Santander Mobility in cooperation with the University of Sao Paulo is also acknowledged. DHI-WASI is gratefully thanked for providing a FEFLOW license.Almeida De-Godoy, V.; Zuquette, L.; Gómez-Hernández, JJ. (2019). Stochastic upscaling of hydrodynamic dispersion and retardation factor in a physically and chemically heterogeneous tropical soil. 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